斑点免疫金渗滤法检测猪生殖与呼吸综合征抗体的研究

应用提纯的猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗原包被硝酸纤维素膜,然后用胶体金标记的金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(SPA)建立了检测PRRS抗体水平的斑点免疫金渗滤法(DIGFA)。该法通过胶体金标记SPA直接显色,阳性者出现红色斑点,整个试验过程仅需5min即可判断结果;与猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病、猪细小病毒病阳性血清不发生交叉反应;纯化PRRSV抗原的最低检测量为0.0553mg mL,即55.3ng 点。对200份猪血清用该法与ELISA同时进行PRRS抗体检测,两种方法的符合率达98%。     

应用重组猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒核衣壳蛋白为抗原建立I-ELISA检测方法的研究

用重组杆状病毒表达的猪生殖和呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)N蛋白作为抗原,建立了诊断猪生殖和呼吸综合征(PRRS)的I-ELISA,与IDEXX公司试剂盒检测结果的符合率为97.3%,与间接荧光抗体试验(IFA)的符合率为100%.用该方法检测国内猪血清85份,阳性率为18.8%;能检出PRRS疫苗免疫猪6 d的血清抗体;与猪瘟、伪狂犬病、猪巴氏杆菌病、猪霉形体病阳性血清无交叉反应.     

抗鹅细小病毒卵黄IgG的制备及其间接ELISA检测方法的建立

采用水稀释-辛酸-硫酸铵法粗提与DEAE50纤维素层析相结合的方法从免疫鹅细小病毒(GPV)的鹅卵内提取鹅卵黄IgG,通过核酸蛋白检测仪和SDS-PAGE测定IgG的浓度和纯度后,制备兔抗鹅IgG酶标抗体;建立了针对GPV的间接ELISA抗体检测方法,确定其最佳工作条件,并对该ELISA的特异性及重复性进行检测;应用该间接ELISA检测了GPV VP3基因疫苗的免疫效果。结果显示,获得的纯化鹅卵黄IgG浓度为10mg/mL,抗体纯度达到94.5%,兔抗鹅IgG的血清琼脂扩散效价约为1∶32;经筛选确定该ELISA的最佳工作条件为:最适抗原包被浓度为20μg/mL,最适血清稀释度为1∶100,酶标抗体的最佳工作浓度为1∶3 000。用建立的间接ELISA检测禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、传染性法氏囊炎病毒、鸭肝炎病毒、鸭瘟病毒的阳性血清均为阴性,表明该方法特异性强、重复性好。经临床初步应用,能检出GPV VP3基因疫苗产生的抗体,在肌肉注射100μg与200μg基因疫苗的鹅血清中,IgG均从第14天开始上升,并分别在第35、21天达到最大值。表明本试验制备的兔抗鹅IgG酶标抗体具有较好的应用价值。     

应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测猪生殖与呼吸综合征血清抗体的研究

建立的检测猪生殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),其抗原包被浓度为2.4μg/mL,血清稀释度为1100,酶标二抗的工作浓度为1500.应用该方法对陕西省9个地区采集的有疑似PRRS征候的250份猪血清进行检测,检出阳性血清32份,阳性率为12.8%,从而证实陕西省存在PRRS,也为该病的大面积血清学普查提供了一种简易、快速、准确的检测方法.     

猪轮状病毒双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

用差速离心法纯化的猪轮状病毒(RV)分别免疫仔猪和兔,制备了猪抗RV和兔抗RV超免疫血清,并用层析方法进行了纯化,建立了检测RV的双抗体夹心ELISA方法.结果表明,该双抗体夹心ELISA的最佳反应条件为:猪抗RV IgG包被浓度为4 μg/mL,兔抗RV IgG最佳工作浓度为3.5μg/mL,样品反应时间为90 min,酶标抗体工作浓度为1:8 000,以D<,450nm≥10.161作为阳性判定标准.该ELISA的重复性变异系数小于10 %,最低检测限为1.25μg/mL,并与猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪大肠杆菌和沙门菌等病原无交叉反应,该ELISA试剂在室温和4℃条件下至少可保存4个月.用该ELISA方法和RV金标检测卡检测70份临床粪便样品,结果显示,ELISA的阳性检出率为22.9%,而金标检测卡的阳性检出率为20.0%.表明,建立的双抗体夹心ELISA方法具有特异性好、灵敏性高和重复性好等优点,可用于RV的快速检测.     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征ORF5基因疫苗的构建及其安全性和免疫原性检测

克隆了猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)SC2株ORF5基因。测序分析表明SC2株属美洲型PRRSV。构建的ORF5基因疫苗经脂质体转染Marc 145细胞后,第26h检测到疫苗蛋白的特异性表达,第56h达到高峰。疫苗肌肉注射小鼠和仔猪后能迅速分布到各组织器官中,未发现核酸疫苗与宿主细胞染色体整合现象;且能使仔猪产生体液和细胞免疫应答,免疫期持续135d以上。结果表明,构建的PRRSVORF5基因疫苗具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

病猪肺组织中PRRSV抗原免疫组织化学Envision法的原位检测

为探讨肺组织中猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗原的定位诊断方法,制备了兔抗PRRSV抗体,采用免疫组织化学Envision法对疑似PRRS病猪肺组织中的病毒抗原进行了定位和半定量检测.SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting检测结果表明,制得的兔抗PRRSV IgG纯度较高,具有良好的特异性,可用于原位检测病猪肺组织中PRRSV抗原的分布;Envision法的检测结果显示,PRRSV抗原的阳性表达产物主要出现在肺巨噬细胞胞浆内,其次为肺泡上皮细胞和细支气管黏膜上皮细胞;通过对5份经RT-PCR检测确认的PRRS病猪肺组织进行检测.均有较高的阳性细胞表达,平均阳性细胞率为46.5%.证明Envi-sion法具有高敏感、低背景、快速简便的特点,可用于肺组织中PRRSV抗原的快速检测.     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5基因对小鼠的DNA免疫

将表达完整猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)GP5和融合表达泛素与GP5成熟肽的真核重组表达质粒(pCI-GP5和pcDNA-U-GP5)分别肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,共免疫3次。采用间接ELISA法检测血清中抗GP5的抗体水平,MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力,LDH释放试验检测脾NK细胞的杀伤活性,并通过流式细胞术检测脾淋巴细胞亚群的比例。结果发现,2种DNA重组质粒免疫后均可诱导小鼠产生体液免疫和细胞免疫。三免后第5周,pCI-GP5质粒免疫组诱导产生的抗GP5抗体水平及NK活性明显高于pcDNA-U-GP5质粒免疫组;而pcDNA-U-GP5免疫组的淋巴细胞增殖指数及CD4-CD8 T细胞比例明显高于pCI-GP5组。表明,GP5基因可诱导产生较高的免疫反应,泛素与GP5的融合表达可增强PRRSV GP5诱导的细胞免疫反应。     

犊牛血清对高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒增殖及其活疫苗的影响

为了研究在同一培养条件下,不同含量犊牛血清(FCS)对高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(HP-PRRSV)JXA1-R株病毒含量的影响,以及用其生产的疫苗质量、免疫效果的变化情况,采用4个不同含量的FCS对HP-PRRSV JXA1-R株进行了繁殖,并测定病毒毒价及疫苗样品的效价,监测免疫猪的体温变化,用ELISA方法检测免疫猪PRRSV特异性抗体水平。结果显示,用15～30mL/L犊牛血清培养的病毒的含量没有较大变化,但是随血清含量的增加而略有增高。样品疫苗的病毒含量没有明显变化,但是在免疫后测温过程中发现,血清含量高的样品疫苗在接种后第2～4天体温有短暂的高温波动,随后正常。采血检测抗体发现,血清含量高的样品疫苗产生的抗体也早3～5d。本试验结果可以为HP-PRRSV的培养及疫苗工艺的改进提供有效的参考数据。     

猪瘟间接血凝试验的研究

猪瘟兔化弱毒珠的细胞培养物浓缩纯化后,致敏戊二醛鞣酸处理 的健康绵羊红细胞,制成冻干猪瘟间接血凝诊断液,用以检测血清中的抗猪 瘟抗体效价。经室内外376份免疫猪、45份非免疫猪血清检测结果表明符合 率高达98％。检测猪瘟抗体消长动态的结果证明,接种冻干猪瘟弱毒疫苗后第3～4天出现特异抗体,第15天抗体效价进入高峰期并维持到接种后的第3个月,然后缓慢地下降,于接种后的第11个月消失。该法操作简便,无需特殊仪器设备;特异性强不与其他传染病阳性血清发生交叉凝集;快速,2小时内可判定检测结果;重复性好,不同批次诊断液检测同一血清样品结果一致;保存期长,冻干的诊断液4℃贮存一年半有效。液体诊断液4℃贮存6个月效价不降,37℃存放14天对诊断液质量无影响。适合广大基层现地进行猪瘟弱毒冻干苗免疫猪群的抗体水平和仔猪母源抗体水平监测,以便制定合理的免疫程序,充分发挥疫苗的预防效果,确保养猪业的安生生产。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.