紫外线照射对牛孤雌激活卵母细胞和体细胞核移植胚胎体外发育的影响

分析了紫外线 (ultraviolet,UV)照射对牛孤雌激活卵母细胞和体细胞核移植胚胎卵裂和体外发育的影响。结果发现 ,经UV照射 2 0s和 40s的卵母细胞孤雌激活后的卵裂率和囊胚发育率都极显著低于UV照射 0s和 1 0s的卵母细胞 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,表明UV照射卵母细胞超过 2 0s降低了孤雌激活胚胎的卵裂和体外发育潜力。核移植中UV照射卵母细胞 2 0s后 ,重组胚的卵裂率极显著低于卵母细胞照射 0s和 1 0s时所构建的重组胚 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,但囊胚发育率无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;而UV照射卵母细胞 40s时 ,所构建的重组胚的卵裂率和囊胚发育率都明显低于其他各组 ,表明超过 2 0s的UV照射显著降低了重组胚的卵裂和体外发育潜力。研究结果表明 ,核移植中用UV指导卵母细胞去核时UV照射时间应控制在 2 0s以内 ,UV照射 1 0s对核移植胚胎的发育不产生任何负面影响     

不同培养液对牛孤雌生殖胚胎和体细胞核移植胚胎体外发育的影响

采用体外成熟的牛卵母细胞 ,经 5 μmol/LIonomycin 5min和 2mmol/L 6 DMAP 5 μg/mLCCB 4h激活 ,分别在TALP M 199(TM ,1∶2 )、BMOC M 199(BM ,1∶2 )和CR1aa培养液内培养 ,2 4h和 3 6h各组卵母细胞的卵裂率分别为5 6.4%、5 5 .6%、5 3 .6%和 72 .0 %、75 .9%、79.0 % ,无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;培养 8d后囊胚发育率分别为 18.2 %、2 1.4%和 2 9.3 % ,CR1aa内培养孤雌生殖胚的囊胚发育率显著高于TM (P <0 .0 1)。皮肤成纤维细胞构建的重组胚经同法激活后 ,分别在TM、BM和CR1aa内培养 ,2 4h和 3 6hBM和CR1aa内重组胚的卵裂率显著高于TM (4 9.7%、49.8%比 2 0 .5 % ;74.1%、73 .2 %比 5 0 .0 % ) (P <0 .0 1) ;虽然培养 8d后各组胚胎的囊胚发育率无显著差异 ,但CR1aa内重组胚的囊胚发育率稍高 (12 .3 %比 9.8%、11.5 % )。结果表明 ,CR1aa更适合孤雌生殖和体细胞核移植胚胎的体外培养。     

两种培养液对牦牛孤雌激活胚胎发育及DNMT1基因表达的影响

为寻求较佳的牦牛胚胎培养液,将成熟的牦牛卵母细胞进行孤雌激活后分别置于培养液SOFaa和G1/G2中进行发育培养,观察培养开始后第24、48、96、120和168小时胚胎的发育情况,并采用实时荧光定量PCR检测DNMT1基因的表达量。结果显示,SOFaa液中2-4细胞胚胎、4-8细胞胚胎、9-16细胞胚胎、桑葚胚和囊胚的发育率分别为87.50%、68.00%、40.00%、34.29%、12.86%;而G1/G2联合培养液中2-4细胞胚胎、4-8细胞胚胎、9-16细胞胚胎、桑葚胚和囊胚的发育率分别为89.33%、81.33%、58.67%、49.33%、17.14%。胚胎中DNMT1基因在G1/G2联合培养液中的表达量显著高于SOFaa液中的表达量。以上结果表明,G1/G2联合培养液可通过调控DNMT1基因的表达而提高胚胎发育率,可作为牦牛胚胎体外培养的较佳培养液。     

不同培养系统牛体外受精囊胚的质量评价

采用双重荧光分染方法 ,结合免疫外科手术 ,对来自TCM 199和SOF培养系统的牛体外受精囊胚质量进行了评价。结果显示 ,TCM 199培养系统的囊胚发育率为 31.9% (335 / 10 74 ) ,平均细胞总数为 73.1,内胚团细胞数为 16 .8,其中生存细胞占 99.5 % ;SOF培养系统的囊胚发育率为 2 0 .9% (2 4 8/ 1186 ) ,平均细胞总数为 5 6 .2 ,内胚团细胞数为 11.3,其中生存细胞占 96 .5 %。证实 ,使用TCM 199生产的囊胚质量和囊胚发育率优于SOF培养系统。     

透明质酸酶对牛卵母细胞孤雌激活的研究

在37-39℃50 mL/L CO2条件下,用含80 mL/L发情牛血清及50 mL/L犊牛血清的M199成熟培养液培养牛的A、B级卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs),18-22 h后以无血清的TCM199培养液洗涤3次,用透明质酸酶消化吹打脱去卵丘细胞,以无血清的M199培养液洗涤3次,移回成熟培养液中培养.结果,卵细胞于成熟后第3 d开始出现卵裂,第5 d卵裂率达到37%,第9 d囊胚率达5%-9%.表明透明质酸酶可以促使成熟的牛孤雌卵母细胞激活并发育至囊胚.     

不同型牛血清对家兔原核胚序贯培养体外发育的影响

采用不同型血清分别添加到TCM199和mTCM199培养液、RPMI1640和mRPMI1640培养液中,对兔原核期受精卵进行了体外序贯培养,并对各组间不同时期发育率进行了分析比较。结果显示:体外培养至第72 h时,3个体外序贯培养体系间8-细胞胚率、桑椹胚率差异不显著(P>0.05),当体外培养至囊胚时,100 mL/L NBS TCM199(mTCM199)培养体系、100 mL/L NBS RPMI1640(mRPMI1640)培养体系的囊胚率均显著低于100 mL/L FBS RPMI1640(mRPMI1640)培养体系的囊胚率(三组的囊胚率依次是27.3%、35.9%、97.2%,P<0.01)。但前两组之间差异不显著。结果表明,不同型血清对兔早期胚胎体外正常发育具有很大影响,序贯培养中添加国产NBS的培养液的培养效果明显低于添加进口FBS的培养液的培养效果。     

小鼠孤雌胚2-细胞阻滞的研究

为探讨小鼠孤雌胚2-细胞阻滞的机制,本试验以昆明小鼠为研究对象,通过输卵管上皮细胞和垂体细胞作为饲养层培养小鼠孤雌胚胎,分析其作用机理。小鼠卵母细胞通过70mL/L乙醇激活5min,再用2mmol/L 6-DMAP、5μg/mL CB激活3h后,分别在不同饲养层的KSOM培养液中进行培养,观察并比较各培养条件下孤雌胚胎的发育情况。结果,培养至第24小时,各组无显著差异(P>0.05),都有较高卵裂率。培养至第48小时,用两种饲养层细胞培养的孤雌胚胎4-细胞～8-细胞发育效果好,与用单独一种饲养层细胞培养相比,差异显著(P<0.05),与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);发育至桑囊胚的比例为49.4%(42/85)(P<0.01)。结果表明,含有输卵管上皮细胞和垂体细胞的KSOM培养液可有效促进小鼠孤雌胚胎的发育并通过2-细胞阻滞(通过2-细胞阻滞率为74.1%),并可进一步提高其发育率(桑囊胚率为49.4%)。     

过表达YY1对水牛早期胚胎发育及DNA甲基化的影响

为了解阴阳因子1(YY1)在水牛植入前胚胎中的表达规律及其对早期胚胎发育和DNA甲基化的影响,本研究通过受精卵卵胞质注射的方法,将线性化处理的过表达YY1质粒注射到体外受精8～10 h的水牛受精卵中,分析其对水牛早期胚胎发育的影响,并在胚胎发育各个时期检测该基因的表达。同时通过qRT-PCR检测过表达YY1对DNMT1表达的影响来研究DNA甲基化水平。qRT-PCR结果表明,YY1和DNMT1在水牛植入前胚胎的表达模式呈相反的趋势,YY1的表达随着胚胎的发育逐渐增高,囊胚期达到最高,而DNMT1基因在桑葚胚前表达较高,囊胚期表达最低。与空白对照组相比,注射25μg/mL质粒对水牛囊胚发育率无显著影响(P0.05),取得较高的表达EGFP囊胚(33.3%),显著高于5、15、50μg/mL处理组(P0.05);处理组与空白对照组的胚胎分裂率、囊胚发育率、囊胚基因表达率差异均不显著(P0.05)。过表达YY1胚胎在体外受精12 d后仍有囊胚产生。与空白对照组相比,处理组各时期胚胎中YY1和DNMT1表达量均有明显的增加。以上结果表明,过表达YY1对体外受精早期胚胎发育没有影响,但会延迟囊胚的形成。     

HSP72在热应激小鼠囊胚中的表达及其作用

将体外培养的小鼠囊胚分别施以38℃温和热应激和40℃强烈热应激处理1、2和3 h,然后在37℃正常培养条件下分别恢复3、2和1 h,用体视显微镜观察囊胚孵出率以及经38℃和40℃诱导热应激后囊胚的孵出率,用Western-blot技术检测小鼠囊胚HSP72的表达。结果,38℃热应激处理2 h时,HSP72表达量达到最高水平,与对照组差异显著;40℃热应激处理3 h时,HSP72表达量达到最高水平,与对照组差异不显著;38℃热诱导2 h囊胚孵出率最高,与40℃强烈热应激处理2 h组差异显著。结果表明,热诱导组囊胚孵出率与38℃热应激组囊胚HSP72的表达量呈正相关。     

鸡胚胎腺垂体促肾上腺皮质激素细胞的发生及其变化

为了研究鸡胚胎腺垂体促肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH )细胞的发生及其在发育过程中的变化 ,分别在鸡胚胎发育的第 3.5～ 2 0 .5d采集鸡胚胎垂体 ,利用免疫组织化学方法对鸡胚胎腺垂体ACTH细胞的发生、数量和形态分布变化规律进行了研究。结果 ,鸡胚胎发育早期 (10 .5d)可观察到少量明显的ACTH细胞分布于腺垂体前叶 ,随着胚胎的发育 ,ACTH细胞的数量明显增多 ,分布于整个腺垂体前叶。早期ACTH细胞体积小、细胞浆少、细胞核较大、细胞界限不清 ,随着胚龄的增加 ,ACTH细胞体积增大、细胞浆增多、细胞浆浓染。结果证明 ,鸡胚胎腺垂体ACTH细胞发生于胚胎发育的中期 ,细胞的增殖和分化过程发生在胚胎发育的中期至出壳前 ,而ACTH细胞的分泌功能在胚胎后期最活跃     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.