高铜对雏鸡脾抗氧化功能的影响及其病理损伤观察

将360只1日龄艾维菌肉鸡随机分为6组,分别以对照日粮(Cu 10.89 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Ⅰ组:Cu 100 mg/kg;Ⅱ组:Cu 200 mg/kg;Ⅲ组:Cu 400 mg/kg;Ⅳ组:Cu 600 mg/kg;Ⅴ组:Cu 800 mg/kg)饲喂6周,研究了高铜对雏鸡脾组织结构、抗氧化功能以及细胞凋亡和周期的影响.结果显示,与对照组相比,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡脾出现不同程度的淋巴细胞减少;电镜观察,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡脾淋巴细胞线粒体肿大,嵴断裂甚至消失,核染色质边聚;Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡铜锌超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著降低(P<0.01),Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组鸡丙二醛和羟自由基含量显著升高(P<0.01);Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组鸡脾淋巴细胞增殖指数显著下降(P<0.01),凋亡率显著升高(P<0.01).表明,日粮铜含量超过400～800 mg/kg可引起雏鸡脾的组织结构损伤和抗氧化功能降低,淋巴细胞分化受阻,凋亡率增加,机体免疫功能受损.     

高铜对雏鸭肝羟自由基和一氧化氮产生的影响

为观察日粮铜水平对雏鸭肝羟自由基和一氧化氮(NO)产生的影响,360只1日龄天府肉鸭被随机分为6组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Cu 100 mg/kg,高铜Ⅰ组;Cu 200 mg/kg,高铜Ⅱ组;Cu 400 mg/kg,高铜Ⅲ组;Cu 600 mg/kg,高铜Ⅳ组;Cu 800 mg/kg,高铜V组)6周.与对照组比较,高铜Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和V组肝羟自由基含量和NO含量显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),同时肝铜锌超氧化物歧化酶和一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性降低(P<0.05或P<0.01).结果表明,日粮铜水平达400～800 mg/kg时肝羟自由基和N0产生增加,抗氧化功能降低,肝功能受损.     

高铜对雏鸭肝影响的病理学观察

将360只1日龄天府肉鸭随机分为6组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Ⅰ组:Cu100 mg/kg;Ⅱ组:Cu 200 mg/kg;Ⅲ组:Cu 400 mg/kg;Ⅳ组:Cu 600 mg/kg;Ⅴ组:Cu 800 mg/kg)6周,研究日粮铜添加水平对雏鸭肝及其相关生化指标的影响。结果显示,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组雏鸭肝出现不同程度的病理损伤,肝细胞颗粒变性、空泡变性。Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组肝铜含量和血清铜含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性显著升高(P<0.01)。结果表明,日粮铜含量达400~800 mg/kg即可引起肝的病理损伤。     

高铜对雏鸡器官组织病理损害的研究

将420只1日龄艾维茵健雏,随机分为7组,分别饲以含铜量11 mg/kg的基础日粮和含铜量分别为100、200、300、400、500和600 mg/kg的6种高铜日粮6周,研究高铜对雏鸡的病理损害。结果显示,日粮含铜100和200 mg/kg对雏鸡有促生长作用。日粮铜水平达300 mg/kg以上时,对雏鸡器官组织造成不同程度的病理损伤,表现为肌胃角质层增厚呈黄褐色；肝呈浅黄色或深褐色,肝细胞脂肪变性；消化道上皮细胞变性坏死；免疫器官和肾、心脏、胰腺、大脑等器官的实质细胞肿胀；淋巴免疫器官体积缩小,淋巴细胞数量减少。超微结构观察发现,肝细胞胞浆和胞核内见有数量不等、大小不一的高电子密度的沉积物；凋亡的淋巴细胞染色质呈花瓣样、半月形或环形,聚集在核膜下。表明,肝、消化道和免疫器官是高铜损害的主要靶器官。     

高铜对雏鸭肝氧化状态及肝细胞凋亡的影响

将360只1日龄天府肉鸭随机分为6组,分别以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Ⅰ组Cu100 mg/kg;Ⅱ组.Cu 200 mg/kg;Ⅲ组Cu 400 mg/kg;Ⅳ组Cu 600 mg/kg;Ⅴ组Cu 800 mg/kg)饲喂6周,研究日粮铜水平对雏鸭肝氧化状态及肝细胞凋亡的影响.结果显示,与对照组比较,Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组肝铜锌SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性降低(P＜0.01),Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组羟自由基和丙二醛含量显著升高(P＜0.01),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组肝铜锌SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性升高(P＜0.01).高铜组肝细胞凋亡率随日粮铜水平的升高而增加.表明,日粮铜水平为400 mg/kg以上时可引起肝抗氧化功能降低和肝细胞凋亡率升高.     

高锌对天府肉鹅免疫功能的影响

将1日龄天府肉鹅健雏200只随机分为A、B、C、D共4组,A组作为对照组仅喂基础日粮(Zn100mg/kg),B、C、D组分别饲喂基础日粮 Zn900mg/kg、基础日粮 Zn1400mg/kg和基础日粮 Zn1900mg/kg,试验期7周,以研究高剂量锌对雏鹅免疫功能的影响。结果,与对照组相比,高锌的B、C和D组雏鹅淋巴器官发育受阻,胸腺、腔上囊和脾的器官生长指数程度不同地降低;胸腺、腔上囊和脾淋巴细胞数量减少、变性、坏死;淋巴细胞分裂增殖受抑,胸腺、腔上囊、脾和外周血淋巴细胞分裂指数程度不同地降低。结果表明,日粮高锌可致雏鹅免疫功能受损。     

高锌对雏鸡红细胞免疫功能的影响

将 1日龄艾维茵肉鸡雏 2 0 0只随机分为 4组 ,Ⅰ组为对照组 ,Ⅱ～Ⅳ组为试验组 ,分别饲喂不同日粮 ,Ⅰ组 :基础日粮 (含Zn 10 0mg/kg) ,Ⅱ组 :基础日粮 Zn 1 4 0 0mg/kg ,Ⅲ组 :基础日粮 Zn 1 90 0mg/kg ,Ⅳ组 :基础日粮 Zn 2 4 0 0mg/kg ,试验期为 7周。结果发现 ,日粮高锌可导致雏鸡红细胞C3bRR花环率降低 ,ICR花环率升高。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组C3bRR花环率 2周龄时显著下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组第 5和 7周龄时也极显著低于Ⅰ组。Ⅳ组ICR花环率 2周龄时显著高于Ⅰ组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组ICR花环率也有所升高 ,但与对照组比较 ,仅Ⅱ组于 5周龄时差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

高铜对雏鸭脾影响的组织病理学观察

选用1日龄天府肉鸭360只,随机分为6组,分别以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Ⅰ组:Cu100 mg/kg,Ⅱ组:Cu 200 mg/kg,Ⅲ组:Cu 400 mg/kg,Ⅳ组:Cu 600 mg/kg,Ⅴ组:Cu 800 mg/kg)饲喂6周,对高铜引起的雏鸭脾的病理损伤进行了观察.结果显示,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸭的脾组织学变化与对照组比较差别不明显,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组脾出现不同程度的淋巴细胞减少,电镜下,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组脾淋巴细胞线粒体肿大,嵴断裂甚至消失,核染色质积聚于核膜下呈环形或团块状;Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组脾的绝对重量、生长指数显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组脾淋巴细胞的静止期延长,增殖指数明显下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组脾淋巴细胞的凋亡率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).证实,日粮铜含量400～800 mg/kg可不同程度地抑制雏鸭脾的发育,导致雏鸭细胞免疫功能和体液免疫功能受损.     

高铜日粮对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸链复合物活性的影响

在对照组(Cu 11 mg/kg,A组)基础上设高铜组3个(110 mg/kg、220 mg/kg和330 mg/kg,分别对应为试验组B、C、D),试验期为60 d,在12、24、36、48、60日龄采集肝组织,提取线粒体,测定线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ的活性变化.结果表明,11 mg/kg和110 mg/kg铜日粮添加组线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的活性呈增加趋势.220 mg/kg和330 mg/kg铜日粮添加组肉鸡肝细胞线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ活性减弱,但主要在试验后期,尤其是48日龄之后,比对照组和各组内的试验前期下降明显(P＜0.05).说明高铜日粮在一定程度上对线粒体复合物活性是有利的,但过高的铜添加到日粮中(≥220 mg/kg)可降低肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸链复合物的功能活性.据此可以推测,线粒体是机体铜过量状态下侵害的靶部位之一,而且能作用于线粒体各个复合物,造成线粒体呼吸功能减弱,呼吸链中电子传递发生故障,从而影响线粒体功能的正常发挥.     

中药复方对鸡免疫器官指数及IL-2表达的动态影响

将300只1日龄公雏鸡随机分为3组,两组分别给予中药方Ⅰ和方Ⅱ(由石膏、苍术、黄柏、藿香分别按质量比1∶1∶1∶1和0.5∶1∶1∶1比例组成,按体重0.3 mg/kg的剂量饮水),对照组按照常规方法饲养。分别于雏鸡第7、21、35、49日龄时,每组随机抽取5只鸡剖杀,取腔上囊、脾、胸腺测定免疫器官指数和IL-2平均阳性表达率,以探讨中药复方对雏鸡免疫器官指数及其IL-2表达的动态影响。结果显示,随着用药时间的增加,中药方Ⅰ和方Ⅱ可显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高腔上囊、脾和胸腺等免疫器官指数及其IL-2的平均阳性表达率,方Ⅰ对各免疫器官IL-2阳性表达率的影响最为显著(P<0.05)。证实该中药复方可促进雏鸡细胞免疫水平,增强其非特异性免疫功能,并促进免疫器官的发育。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.