大连汉族群体遗传结构及系统关联性的研究

目的 结合大连汉族人群与32个国内外群体的Y-STR单倍型遗传信息,研究其群体遗传结构和系统关联性。方法 采集大连市958位汉族男性志愿者血液样本,应用Y-STR荧光检测试剂盒和毛细管电泳分型技术完成42个基因座的基因分型,计算相关的法医学参数。并基于17个Y-STR基因座计算33个人群间的Nei氏标准遗传距离,绘制主坐标分析图,构建系统发生树。结果 针对42个Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性分析,发现了10个基因座30种非常规的等位基因。对17个Y-STR基因座的群体遗传学分析证实大连与鞍山汉族人群遗传距离最近,其次为河南、黑龙江、吉林、山东和重庆汉族人群。此外,大连汉族与北川羌族和贵州苗族人群遗传距离相对较近,反而与同居住于辽宁的满族人群遗传距离相对较远。结论 大连汉族与其他人群的遗传距离不完全与民族和地域远近成正比,人口迁徙和民族融合与隔离都会对其产生影响。     

东北4个民族15个STR多态性及与相关人群遗传关系调查

STR分型已被广泛应用于法庭科学中的个体识别与亲权鉴定,本文对东北地区满族、蒙古族、朝鲜族和汉族人群的STR基因座遗传多态性进行调查,并与相关人群遗传学数据进行比较分析,希望能为该地区少数民族个体的法医学鉴定提供遗传学数据,并为民族起源、迁徙等相关研究提供分子生物学依据。1材料与方法 1.     

中国青海藏族、汉族mtDNA控制区遗传多态性

目的研究中国青海藏族、汉族mtDNA控制区遗传多态性。方法收集69份青海藏族和青海汉族无关人群外周血样本，对其mtDNA控制区进行序列分析，计算多个多态性指标。结合其他民族mtDNA遗传资料，根据Nei法计算包括青海藏族和汉族群体在内的11个群体之间的Fst和Rst遗传距离．进行聚类分析，绘制系统发生树。结果在青海藏族和汉族群体mtDNA控制区中分别发现56和59个多态性位点。Rst遗传距离显示青海藏族人群与各人群之间遗传距离均较远（P〈0．05）；青海汉族人群与西安汉族、蒙古族、长沙汉族等人群之间距离较近（P〉0．05）。结论我国青海藏族和汉族人群mtDNA具有相对独特的遗传特征，其遗传多态性和个体识别力较高，可用于民族起源、迁徙、法医学个体识别等领域研究。     

内蒙古中西部地区汉族、蒙古族ApoB基因遗传多态性

目的研究内蒙古中西部地区汉族、蒙古族ApoB基因遗传多态性。方法选取内蒙古中西部地区汉族、蒙古族无关个体,采用聚合酶链反应一限制性片段长度多态性技术,判断样本中是否含有ApoB基因中的稀有等位基因：XbaI（x＋）和＆DRI（E-）,并计算其基因型频率、等位基因频率及相关的群体遗传学参数。结果内蒙古汉族群体中稀有等位基因XbaI（x＋）和＆0RI（E-）频率分别为2％和4．6％,而在蒙古族群体中没有检测出此两种稀有等位基因。结论ApoB基因XbaI和＆0RI位点的等位基因频率分布在不同种族中差异较大,具有种族鉴定的应用可能。     

SNaPshot技术应用于云南省部分人群ABO血型基因分型

目的应用SNa Pshot技术对ABO血型进行基因型检测。方法采集107份已知血型(由血清学获得)的云南无关个体静脉血提取DNA,运用SNa Pshot Multiplex试剂盒对ABO血型基因的第261、297、681、703、802和803核苷酸位置的6个SNP位点进行复合扩增检测,计算相关遗传学参数。结果 107份血样中A、B、O~A、O~G 4个等位基因的频率分别为0.355 1、0.168 2、0.230 0、0.247 6,其中A~G和顺式AB未检出,ABO基因分型结果与血清学检验的结果一致。结论 SNaPshot技术适用于ABO血型基因的分型。     

中国南方两汉族群体的19个STR基因座的特征分析

目的获得南方汉族群体的基因多态性信息,分析16个东亚各人群的族源关系。方法 2018年3~7月收集贵州省和江西省汉族群体中健康且无亲缘关系的720份个体血液样本,其中贵州省407份,江西省313份。使用短串联重复序列(STR)试剂盒扩增检测样本,获得法医学参数;通过文献获取湖北汉族,湖南汉族,四川汉族,重庆汉族,贵州布依族、侗族和苗族,云南白族、彝族、哈尼族和纳西族,广西壮族以及日本和韩国共14个人群的法医学参数,采用Arlequin v3.5遗传软件计算16个东亚人群(本研究的贵州汉族、江西汉族以及文献获得的14个人群)之间的相对遗传距离(Fst),采用SPSS 21.0统计学软件进行多维尺度分析(MDS)和主成分分析(PCA),MEGA6软件绘制系统进化树。结果在贵州汉族人群中,累积个人识别率为1-3.3080×10-23,累积非父排除率为1-3.1792×10-8。在江西汉族人群中,累积个人识别率为1-5.4721×10-23,累积非父排除率为1-1.6544×10-8。少数民族(贵州布依族、贵州侗族、贵州苗族、广西壮族、云南哈尼族和云南纳西族)与汉族群体间存在明显的遗传距离。日本人群与汉族群体的遗传距离最大,韩国人群与汉族群体具有较近的遗传距离。进化树结果表明贵州汉族、江西汉族群体与其他汉族群体聚集在一起,未见明显区别。结论 14个基因座在贵州、广西人群中遗传多态性较好,少数民族与汉族之间、日本与汉族之间的遗传差异明显,而汉族人群内部遗传差异不明显。     

中国4个少数民族人群18个STR基因座遗传多态性

本文使用DNA Typer15TMplus试剂盒,对蒙古族、鄂温克族、达斡尔族和锡伯族4个少数民族人群进行18个常染色体STR基因座遗传多态性进行调查。结果 18个STR基因座在4个少数民族的无关个体中分别共检出186种(蒙古族)、150种(鄂温克族)、148种(达斡尔族)、192种(锡伯族)等位基因;4个民族18个基因座DP最低值:0.783(蒙古族)、0.800(鄂温克族)、0.795(达斡尔族)、0.783(锡伯族);PIC最低值:0.552(蒙古族)、0.588(鄂温克族)、0.569(达斡尔族)、0.549(锡伯族);累积非父排除概率为0.999 999 954~0.999 999 999。数据结果表明,18个STR基因座联合应用在上述4个民族相关研究和应用中可以选用。     

ABO基因分型及其在法医学中的应用

为建立一种ABO血型系统基因分型方法，采用PCR-RFLP技术，成功地将ABO系统区分为AA，AO，AB，OO，BB，BO六种基因型。对240名中国汉族无关个体血样的ABO（基因型频率调查结果表明，6种基因型的频率分布为0．0125～0．3834，符合Hardy－Weinbeng遗传平衡法则（P＞0．1），其DP值为0．8161。家系分析表明，亲代a、b、o基因传递遵守孟德尔遗传规律。对法医学中常见的血痕、混合斑、骨组织及毛发根部等生物样品进行检测，均能准确判定ABO基因型，并可在实际案件鉴定中应用。     

贵州汉族19个STR基因座多态性及法医学应用

目的调查19个常染色体STR基因座在贵州汉族人群中的等位基因分布,评估其在法医学中的应用价值。方法应用Goldeneye~(TM) DNA身份鉴定系统20A试剂盒,研究贵州520名汉族无关健康个体19个常染色体STR基因座多态性。用310型遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,Gene Mapper~ID v3.1进行基因分型。结果 19个常染色体STR基因座的杂合度为0.603 8~0.916 4,个体识别率为0.790 0~0.985 6,非父排除率为0.295 5~0.826 9,多态信息含量为0.553 5~0.908 9,累积个体识别率为1-1.230 0×10~(-22),累积非父排除率为0.999 999 99。贵州汉族和其他五个地域的汉族两两之间等位基因频率比较,仅贵州汉族与山东汉族、辽宁汉族、山西汉族之间存在基因频率差异具有统计学意义。结论 D19S433等19个常染色体STR基因座在贵州汉族人群中具有良好的遗传多态性,对群体遗传学和法医物证学研究有应用价值。     

中国人Kidd, Duffy, Diego与Kell血型分布的研究

Kidd,Duffy,Diego与Kell血型是血型血清学和法医血清学上有重要意义的血型系统,是在父权试验中经常要进行检验的一些遗传标记系统。为了掌握各个系统的鉴别能力,以及能够在父权试验中对非父排除率和父权相对机会作出确切的估计,必须拥有各该系统的频率分布资料。有关这些系统分布,已有袁义达(1982)就华北汉族,赵桐茂与张工梁(1982)就上海汉族进行了调查,但东北地区尚无这方面的报道。本文就辽宁地区汉族这四种血型系统的分布进行     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

当代国际行刑领域正在发生的变革

20世纪70年代由于监狱人满为患,重新犯罪率持续不降,很多国家开始在行刑领域进行改革。其基本内容包括:拓宽行刑目的,从矫正目的论发展到矫正、惩罚、帮助罪犯重返社会与剥夺多元目的论;改革监狱管理制度,从实施累进处遇制发展到推行危险管理制度;变革矫正制度,将"传统矫正"制度发展为"项目矫正"。我国需要研究国际社会在行刑领域的行刑变革理论与实践。     

德国土地征收中的公共利益

德国《基本法》第14条将所有权作为宪法基本权利予以保护。该条公共利益条款的本质出发点是保护私人所有权。公共利益概念在德国土地征收法上依据通说认为应作狭义理解,非所有公共利益均可满足征收法上的要件。部门法对公共利益有明确规定。学说和实务界对公共利益概念主要在负面达成了一致。就所谓的商业征收并未一般性否定。公共利益本身也与征收的必要性紧密相关。     

科学与法律领域的真相

审判过程并非仅仅是为了"查明真相"。自从美国的法律系统开始使用科学证人以来,法律领域就面临着混乱的局面。自从Frye规则到Daubert标准再到Kumho Tire标准,乃至发展为修改后的《联邦证据规则》702条,尽管法律系统经历了上述诸多努力,人们仍然不会相信法律系统能够从科学信息中获得预期的收益。科学主张和理论或真或假,它们的真或假是一个客观的问题。法律裁决可以断定法律真理为真,也可以断定"所谓的科学真理"为真。只有科学命题所描述的自然界现象和事件的性质——而非有关证据可靠性的法律裁决,也非法庭上的论证和交叉询问——能够证明真的科学命题为真,证明假的科学命题为假。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Consent in escrow: opting to opt in

In this paper, we reply to Taylor''s (2015) peer commentary on consent-in-escrow. Specifically, we clarify the utility of this novel approach, the way in which it minimizes risks to participants, and how it differs from existing opt-out methods. We further explore its potential use in fields beyond disaster research.     

广东黑社会问题四探——当前广东省反黑工作应重视与加强的几个问题

在认定黑社会性质组织时，应内看其组织特征，外看其行为特征。黑社会性质组织通常在一定区域或行业范围内，以暴力为后盾，通过使用或威胁使用暴力等手段，依靠犯罪组织的淫威大肆进行敲诈勒索、欺行霸市、寻衅滋事、故意伤害等违法犯罪来获利。具备政治保护伞是黑社会性质组织的重要特征，在反黑实践中要加大打击政治保护伞的力度。现阶段境外黑社会组织对广东的渗透具有很强的侵财性和暴力性，或自设炉灶，或勾结境内不法分子和犯罪团伙，形成一股罪恶地下势力，对渗透地社会秩序、人民生命财产安全有着极大的危害。     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Developments in cybercrime law and practice in Ethiopia

With increasing access to information and communication technologies such as the Internet, Ethiopia has recently taken responsive legislative measures. One such legislative measure is enactment of cybercrime rules as part of the Criminal Code of 2004. These rules penalize three items of computer crimes namely hacking, dissemination of malware and denial of service attacks. The cybercrime rules are however slightly outdated due to changes that have occurred in the field of cybercrime since the enactment of the Code. The surge of new varieties of cybercrimes previously uncovered under the Code and the need to legislate tailored evidentiary and procedural rules for investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes have recently prompted the Ethiopian government to draft modern and comprehensive cybercrime legislation, but the draft law still needs further work on cybercrimes in light of other major legislative developments at regional and national levels. This article closely examines major developments in cybercrime law and practice in Ethiopia since the enactment of the first set of cybercrime rules and proffers recommendations towards a unified cybercrime regime.