鉴定人资格管理制度：疏理、评析与设想——兼解读《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》

建立鉴定人资格管理制度是司法鉴定体制改革进程中不可或缺的重要环节.只有建立并完善鉴定人资格管理制度,使得鉴定人资格能够在司法鉴定的各项具体制度中发挥基础性作用,才能建立起科学合理的司法鉴定管理体制,从而保障司法公正的最终实现.<关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定>肯定了鉴定人资格管理制度的基础性作用,对确立并完善鉴定人资格管理制度有着深远影响.本文将对我国鉴定人资格管理现状加以疏理与评析,结合<决定>就如何完善我国鉴定人资格管理制度提出设想.     

构建司法鉴定人助理制度的设想

鉴定人在整个鉴定活动中举足轻重的地位,决定了司法鉴定人制度是司法鉴定制度的核心。司法鉴定人助理制度可以有效的解决司法鉴定人资格认证制度方面的不足,也是缓解鉴定人才匮乏、保障鉴定队伍可持续发展的有效途径。     

论鉴定人制度的完善

本文通过比较研究,我国鉴定人制度和我国司法鉴定制度亟待解决的核心问题是完善鉴定人法律地位、资格,鉴定决定权与鉴定人作证制度等问题.提出我国鉴定人法律地位证人化,鉴定人资格规范化,鉴定决定权当事人化,鉴定人必须出庭作证拜须经资格审查,鉴定结论受传闻规则的制约.     

论我国民事诉讼中的鉴定人制度

我国目前的司法鉴定人制度因其自身缺陷,在一定程度上已经不适应司法改革的实际需要。应尽快建立统一的司法鉴定人管理制度,完善鉴定人的回避制度,确保当事人对鉴定过程的知情权。完善鉴定人出庭制度,建立健全鉴定人监督管理制度,建立健全司法鉴定人从业资格认定制度,改革鉴定结论的采信程序。     

论我国司法鉴定人资格审核管理制度的完善

自2005年全国人大常委会通过《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》以来,鉴定人数量快速增长,但鉴定人素质却良莠不齐,反映出鉴定人资格审核管理制度存在的诸多问题.对鉴定人资格审核管理运行中的问题进行具体分析,并从体制改革、相关制度配套及细化具体措施方面分层次、分步骤地予以分解,探索完善司法鉴定人资格审核管理制度的新路径.     

重构我国司法鉴定人制度的几点思考

鉴定人是司法鉴定活动的主体,鉴定人制度是鉴定制度的核心.因此,建立一套科学、合理的司法鉴定人制度对推进整个司法鉴定制度的改革有着重要的意义.本文针对目前我国司法鉴定人制度存在的问题,结合现阶段我国的国情,提出了对我国司法鉴定人制度重构的思路一是明确将鉴定人界定为启然人;二是明确鉴定人的权利、义务和法律责任;三是建立全国性的管理机构,加强对鉴定人执业资格、职称评定、再教育及鉴定活动的管理,同时强调提高鉴定人的待遇;四是建立统一的司法鉴定人组织体系,设立鉴定事务所,组织鉴定人的各项工作;五是完善鉴定人出庭作证制度、回避制度和错案追究制度;六是提出对鉴定人制度立法的方向.     

论司法鉴定人资格

司法鉴定人制度是司法鉴定制度的核心,而明确司法鉴定人资格是完善司法鉴定人制度的前提。在对司法鉴定人的资质控制上我国一度处在规定不明,审查不清,制度混乱的状态,这也是导致许多案件所依据的鉴定结论反复出现矛盾的原因之一。通过比较国外相关制度,梳理我国现有制度的弊端,本文提出了完善我国司法鉴定人资格的若干建议。     

英美司法鉴定制度简介

本文主要介绍了英美的司法鉴定制度,包括:鉴定机构的设置、鉴定人的诉讼地位及适用规则、鉴定人的资格、鉴定结论的功能范围、鉴定人的义务、鉴定结论的披露等。此外,作者还将上述制度与我国的司法鉴定制度作了比较,并认为,英美的司法鉴定制度对我国当前的鉴定制度改革有一定的借鉴意义。     

司法鉴定人制度若干问题的法律思考

司法鉴定人是司法鉴定活动的实施者,司法鉴定人制度是司法鉴定制度的核心,是法学界研究的热点之一。本文指出:我国司法鉴定应确立自然人司法鉴定人制度,借鉴并吸取两大法系司法鉴定人制度的良性运作程序,通过立法司法鉴定人的讼诉地位、资格、权利义务及应承担的法律责任。     

论我国司法鉴定人制度

全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》以及最高人民检察院、公安部和司法部关于鉴定机构和鉴定人管理的规范性文件之颁布实施,基本实现了对鉴定人行政管理的制度化和规范化。但初始建立的司法鉴定人制度并非至臻完善,其中的某些方面仍需进一步深思。从司法鉴定人法定资格的局限性到鉴定人法律义务的具体承担等七个方面的问题探讨,将有助理解或进一步完善现行的司法鉴定人制度。     

机动车司法鉴定机构资质认定认可项目分类探讨

通过对国内机动车行业检测、检查、鉴定管理现状,归纳出社会对机动车司法鉴定主要需求,依据国家已经颁布的相关法律法规,分析机动车司法鉴定机构资质认定、认可的可行性,探索如何建立规范、合理、统一的机动车司法鉴定机构资质认定认可项目分类方法,并推荐了分类模式。     

法医精神病鉴定质量控制对策研究

法医精神病鉴定是一种经验型或技能型鉴定类型,大多数鉴定项目只能依靠鉴定人的经验进行判断,质量控制更显重要。遗憾的是,目前该专业并未像其他法医类鉴定那样实行认证认可制度,质量控制手段不多。为有效保障鉴定质量,必须围绕鉴定意见形成过程的各个阶段或环节进行过程控制与监督,重点关注“人、机、料、法、环”等要素。为此,建议在该行业内逐步恢复认证认可制度,完善质量体系建设,运用好各种内外部质量控制方法,严格把关鉴定人准入,实行鉴定人执业分类管理、强化鉴定人执业能力考核,以规范行业鉴定活动,维护行业司法鉴定的公信力。     

The Quality of Forensic Psychological Assessments,Reports, and Testimony: Acknowledging the Gap Between Promise and Practice

During the past decade, the field of forensic psychological assessment entered a period of standard setting, reflected in the publication of specialty guidelines for practice and in the proliferation of educational opportunities, training programs, and credentialing and certification procedures for forensic examiners. Representing significant efforts to advance the quality of psychological assessments in legal contexts, these developments foreshadow the promise of forensic assessment. During this same time period, new evidence emerged regarding the quality of forensic practice. This article reviews this evidence and evaluates current practice against the promise of forensic assessment. Forensic reports appear to be of higher quality than those described by commentators in the 1970s and early 1980s; nevertheless, the level of practice falls far short of professional aspirations for the field. The review identifies significant areas of weakness that demand the attention of professional organizations, accrediting agencies, educators, lawmakers, practitioners, and consumers.The truth is what is, not what should be.--Lenny Bruce     

Dr. Walter McCrone's contributions to microscopy workshops and the certification of criminalists

Walter McCrone was not only a remarkable forensic microscopist, but also a skilled grants man and devoted scientific professional. This article briefly recounts his activities in the 1970s and 80s where he played a major role in securing grant funds to sponsor microscopy training around the country, and in using his considerable professional influence to advance the cause of certification.     

法医毒物鉴定的发展及其问题分析

文章阐述了法医毒物鉴定在对象种类、适用检材、技术方法、应用领域和结果运用方面的发展趋势,分析了现阶段我国毒物鉴定实验室在规范建设、鉴定能力、技术系统和质量控制中存在的问题和缺陷,提出要通过加强鉴定机构及鉴定人的准入控制,建设一支高资质、高水平的队伍;通过执业监管、认证认可、水平测试和质量评估,保障毒物鉴定结果的可靠、准确.     

The Odontology Victim Identification Skill Assessment System*,†

Abstract: Mass fatality identification efforts involving forensic odontology can involve hundreds of dental volunteers. A literature review was conducted and forensic odontologists and dental educators consulted to identify lessons learned from past mass fatality identification efforts. As a result, the authors propose a skill assessment system, the Odontology Victim Identification Skill Assessment System (OVID‐SAS), which details qualifications required to participate on the Antemortem, Postmortem, Ante/Postmortem Comparison, Field, and Shift Leader/Initial Response Teams. For each qualification, specific skills have been identified along with suggested educational pedagogy and skill assessment methods. Courses and assessments can be developed by dental schools, professional associations, or forensic organizations to teach and test for the skills required for dental volunteers to participate on each team. By implementing a system, such as OVID‐SAS, forensic odontologists responsible for organizing and managing a forensic odontology mass fatality identification effort will be able to optimally utilize individuals presenting with proven skills.     

On the training of specialists for forensic biological departments of forensic medical bureaus

The author analyses the main activities of the departments of forensic medicine in the Russian Medical Academy of Post-Diploma Education and the Sankt-Peterburg Medical Academy of Post-Diploma Education in the sphere of training and education of biologist experts. Information about the participants of these educational and training programs is presented. Taken together, these data give an idea of the character of post-diploma training of biologist experts and its dynamics during the period from 1950 and 2010. Results of the analysis may be of value for the long-term planning of advanced professional training and upgrading of qualification of the experts for forensic biological departments.     

In search of identity: The field of forensic anthropology in Brazil—Profession and practice

The existing divergencies in the development of forensic anthropology (FA) around the world justify an analysis of its situation in each country/region. Our objective is to report information gathered directly from professionals acting in the field of forensic anthropology in Brazil, with the aim of highlighting the challenges of the discipline and contributing to its advancement. The research consisted of personal visits in Medico‐Legal Institutes (IMLs) in nine states of the country and semi‐structured interviews with 16 professionals. Detailed analysis of the Results suggests the field of forensic anthropology, despite the engagement and dedication of its professionals, cannot yet be considered a well‐structured discipline across the country. The academic background of professionals is highly heterogenous. The applied methods vary, and common protocol is not always followed. The demand highly exceeds the available human resources. The lack of comparative material Results in high percentage of cases remaining unsolved. Important divergences exist in terms of infrastructure and professional resources between the states. The limited cooperation between different IMLs and between different sections of the same IML—together with a general disbelief in the usefulness of anthropological examination in forensic cases—hampers FA’s development. There is a great openness for scientific collaboration and an abundance of material for research. Our research demonstrated structural, political, and academic limitations that affect the FA field in Brazil. However, the expertise and dedication of professionals point to human potential as the chief strength of this discipline that supports and enables research, providing high‐quality services in a challenging context.     

Learning in practice for becoming a professional forensic expert

The study explores the professional development of future forensic experts. Specifically, it investigates how the forensic expert trainees learn through the internal training program at the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science with a focus on the supervision at work. The findings are drawn from an ethnographical study where five trainees and their supervisors have been observed and interviewed. By drawing on a socio cultural perspective on learning, the results show that supervision is crucial for professional development. Two types of activities and relations define how supervision is implemented. There is a "transitional movement" in how supervision is staged depending on the trainees' gradual changes in participation in the work practice and increased experience. Forensic experts need skills and know-how to make wise and impartial judgments, i.e. a kind of tacit professional practical knowledge, as well as the skill to communicate with other professionals. However, the development of a professional language is somewhat unspoken or planned. Becoming a forensic expert is a learning process in practice where supervision plays a decisive role in maintaining the professional knowledge in the judicial system. Therefore, supervision for supervising might be a valuable support for supervisors.     

Forensic pathology then and now. Retrospect and reflections

The past half-century has witnessed significant progress and multiple, meaningful changes in the day-to-day practice of forensic pathology as it has in all other branches of laboratory and clinical medicine. Associated with the welcome advancing "scientific" aspects of our work have been gratifying changes in the professional status of our much misunderstood area of medical activity, the latter most vividly and convincingly represented by American Board of Pathology certification in Forensic Pathology and the appearance of such growing, vital, national professional organizations as the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and our National Association of Medical Examiners and the creation of such highly respected periodicals as the Journal of Forensic Sciences and our American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. Objective assessment of the foregoing accomplishments leads to the inescapable conclusion that forensic pathology has emerged from its previous role as the "invisible profession" and become a respected and productive branch of laboratory medicine.