旋毛虫ES抗原对小鼠巨噬细胞TLR2/4mRNA表达的影响

为探讨旋毛虫ES抗原对RAW264.7细胞TLR2/4mRNA表达的影响,分别取经0、2、5、15、30、45μg/mL ES抗原作用24h的RAW264.7细胞和用15μg/mL ES抗原作用0、3、6、12、18、24h后的RAW264.7细胞,采用半定量PCR方法检测TLR2和TLR4mRNA的表达水平变化。结果显示,随着ES抗原浓度的升高,TLR2/4mRNA的表达量逐渐上升,15μg/mL ES抗原组与空白对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。在15μg/mL ES抗原作用24h内,随着作用时间的延长,TLR2/4mRNA的表达量逐渐上升,作用18h后的表达水平升高,且与空白对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。证实,ES抗原可刺激RAW264.7细胞表面受体TLR2/4表达升高,且存在一定的剂量和时间效应。     

大片吸虫ESP对水牛外周血单核/巨噬细胞NO表达的影响

为探讨水牛易感大片吸虫的免疫机理,采用Ficoll-Hypaque密度梯度离心法分离水牛外周血单个核细胞,再经贴壁法纯化单核/巨噬细胞,用Geriss法检测在大片吸虫分泌排泄产物(ESP)或脂多糖(LPS)作用下,水牛外周血单核/巨噬细胞一氧化氮(NO)的表达量。结果显示,大片吸虫ESP或LPS都可单独作用刺激水牛外周血单核/巨噬细胞产生NO。大片吸虫ESP(0.1、1μg/mL)和LPS(0.1μg/mL)联合作用时水牛外周血单核/巨噬细胞产生NO的量低于LPS(0.1μg/mL)单独作用时的量,差异显著(P<0.05)。大片吸虫ESP(10μg/mL)和LPS(0.1μg/mL)联合作用时水牛外周血单核/巨噬细胞产生NO的量与LPS(0.1μg/mL)单独作用时差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,大片吸虫ESP或其中组分能抑制水牛外周血单核/巨噬细胞产生NO的作用,这可能是水牛易感大片吸虫的一个原因。     

紫锥菊提取物Polinacea~(TM)对乳牛外周血单核细胞免疫功能的影响

采用ELISA方法检测了不同浓度的狭叶紫锥菊提取物PolinaceaTM在体外结合刀豆蛋白A(ConA,1μg/mL)和美洲商陆有丝分裂原(PWM,0.6μg/mL)刺激6头荷斯坦乳牛外周血单核细胞(PBMC)的增殖效果及PolinaceaTM结合ConA(2.27μg/mL)对γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)产量的影响.PolinaceaTM加入细胞培养基的浓度分别为0、6.3、20、60和180μg/mL.结果表明:PolinaceaTM最高浓度(180μg/mL)与最低浓度(6.3μg/mL)对PBMC的增殖分别高于对照组将近10倍与2倍;180μg/mL PolinaceaTM结合ConA对PBMC的增殖有显著的抑制作用;20、60μg/mL PolinaceaTM结合PWM可显著刺激PBMC的增殖;PolinaceaTM能诱导外周血淋巴细胞产生IFN-γ,但不同浓度的紫锥菊提取物对IFN-γ的产生无显著影响(P)0.05).试验结果为体内试验提供了有力的理论依据.     

中国小型猪生长激素测定

用放射免疫方法测定了法国长白猪(L)、广西小型猪(GX)、贵州小香猪(GZ)和西双版纳小耳猪(XB)血液中生长激素(GH)的含量.结果显示,L猪体重(125～150 kg)与中国小型猪体重(30～50 kg)之比为31;4品系GH含量(4品种依次分别为0.923μg/mL±0.060μg/mL、0.894μg/mL±0.050μg/mL、0.892μg/mL±0.050μg/mL、0.892μg/mL±0.030μg/mL)基本一致,品系间GH含量无显著性差异(P＞0.05).     

PRRS抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

以差速离心法结合蔗糖密度梯度离心法提纯的PRRSVSC2株作为包被抗原,建立了检测猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗体的间接ELISA法。该法的最适抗原包被浓度为5μg/mL,最佳酶标兔抗猪抗体稀释度为1∶5000,对猪抗PRRSV的IgG检测灵敏度达到0.1μg/mL。该法只与PRRS阳性猪血清呈现阳性反应,而与PRRS阴性猪血清和猪伪狂犬病、猪乙型脑炎、猪瘟、猪细小病毒病阳性血清呈现阴性反应。应用该法检测PRRSVORF5基因疫苗免疫猪后的抗体消长规律表明,疫苗免疫猪后第7d抗体水平迅速上升,第75d达到高峰,然后缓慢下降,至第135d时仍然极显著(P<0.01)高于空载体对照和空白对照。试验结果表明,该法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可用于PRRS流行病学调查和PRRSV基因疫苗免疫后抗体水平检测。     

蛹虫草多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖及IL-2和IFN-γ分泌的影响

为探讨蛹虫草多糖(CMP)的免疫活性,将6种浓度的CMP40和CMP50分别单独或与Con A、LPS混合加入到小鼠脾淋巴细胞的培养体系中,培养后第48小时,采用MTT法测定淋巴细胞增殖(D570nm值)的变化;将5种浓度的CMP40和CMP50分别与Con A加入到小鼠脾淋巴细胞的培养体系中,培养24h后收集细胞培养上清液,测定IL-2和IFN-γ的质量浓度。结果显示,多糖浓度在62.5~500μg/mL时,CMP40+Con A组和CMP50+Con A组的D570nm值均显著高于Con A对照组,CMP50+LPS组的D570nm值显著高于LPS对照组;多糖浓度在31.25μg/mL时,CMP40+LPS组的D570nm值显著高于LPS对照组;CMP40在31.25~500μg/mL组、CMP50在250μg/mL组的D570nm值显著高于细胞对照组。淋巴细胞增殖率结果表明,CMP50协同Con A或LPS刺激淋巴细胞增殖的效果强于CMP40。CMP40和CMP50在500μg/mL组的IL-2浓度显著高于对照组,CMP40在500μg/mL组和CMP50在62.5~125μg/mL组的IFN-γ浓度显著高于对照组。结果表明,CMP40和CMP50在合适剂量下能单独或协同Con A、LPS刺激T、B淋巴细胞增殖,促进淋巴细胞分泌IL-2和IFN-γ,从而增强细胞免疫。     

猪链球菌2型39ku胞壁蛋白诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的研究

为探讨猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis type 2,SS2)的39ku胞壁蛋白对巨噬细胞的致病作用,将39ku胞壁蛋白纯化,取小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(murine peritoneal macrophage,MPM)和39ku胞壁蛋白(4μg/mL和40μg/mL)共孵育,用荧光显微镜观察细胞的形态学变化,以不同浓度(4～50μg/mL)39ku胞壁蛋白腹腔注射小鼠,作用6h,用DNA Ladder法检测MPM凋亡情况,以40μg/mL腹腔注射,分别作用2、4、6、8h,用流式细胞术检测MPM凋亡率,同时用试剂盒比色法检测其Caspase 3的表达动态。结果显示,低浓度(4μg/mL)诱导后MPM未见异常形态改变;而高浓度(40μg/mL)能引起典型的凋亡形态学变化,低浓度(4μg/mL)诱导后,DNA图谱与阴性对照相同;而高浓度(20～50μg/mL)诱导后均出现典型的DNALadder,且随39ku胞壁蛋白浓度增加,梯状条带更加清晰。流式细胞分析表明,MPM的凋亡率随39ku胞壁蛋白作用时间的延长而增加,与对照组之间均差异极显著(P<0.01);Caspase 3的表达量随39ku胞壁蛋白作用时间的延长而上升,各时间点之间均差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,39ku胞壁蛋白可以诱导MPM高水平凋亡,凋亡率与39ku胞壁蛋白的作用浓度和时间之间正相关,39ku胞壁蛋白可单独作为SS2的毒力因子。     

用丙硫苯咪唑检测羊线虫抗药性的体外虫卵孵化试验

为探讨用丙硫苯咪唑进行体外虫卵孵化试验检测羊线虫对苯并咪唑类药物的抗药性,对23个羊场的25份田间样品用丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑进行了虫卵孵化试验并与先前减卵试验(faecal egg count re-duction test,FECRT)的结果比较。结果表明,25份样品中,丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑对受检虫卵的半数致死量(LD50)均值分别为0.050 1和0.054 0μg/mL,差异不显著。FECRT检测有抗药性的4个羊场,75%的样品对丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑的LD50均值均在0.1μg/mL以上,只有1个羊场的的LD50值分别为0.068 9μg/mL(丙硫苯咪唑)和0.071 2μg/mL(噻苯咪唑)。检测为可疑的2个羊场,其样品的LD50值为0.04~0.07μg/mL;FECRT检测敏感的蠕虫群体的LD50均在0.04μg/mL以下。此外,丙硫苯咪唑用纯的二甲基亚砜溶解和稀释后于4℃保存7 d,LD50值变化不大,提示药效无明显下降,而保存14 d后药效有下降趋势。     

羊口疮病毒B2L截短重组蛋白刺激小鼠产生特异性抗体的研究

为研究羊口疮病毒(ORFV)新型亚单位疫苗,设计了ORFV B2L优势抗原表位截短重组蛋白,命名为HBBH并经原核表达和鉴定。以不同剂量HBBH不加或加不同佐剂,经滴鼻或颈部皮下注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,其中滴鼻共4组(HBBH 10μg、20μg、30μg和20μg+LTB),注射组(HBBH 20μg+201佐剂)。同时设ORFV组织灭活抗原+201佐剂注射免疫对照和空白对照,每组共免疫3次,每次间隔7 d。HBBH间接ELISA检测一免、二免、三免后7 d以及三免后14 d血清中ORFV IgG、IgA和三免后14 d肺灌洗液sIgA的抗体水平,取不同水平的IgG ELISA阳性血清检测细胞中和抗体效价。结果显示,表达并鉴定了具有良好反应原性的包含ORFV B2L蛋白优势抗原表位的截短重组蛋白HBBH。免疫小鼠试验结果表明,不同剂量HBBH通过滴鼻或颈部皮下注射均可刺激小鼠产生ORFV特异性IgG抗体,20μg HBBH+201佐剂注射免疫能最大刺激小鼠血清IgG抗体的产生。实验小鼠三免后14 d肺灌洗液特异性sIgA仅在HBBH滴鼻免疫剂量≥20μg的三个组中检测到,其中30μg HBBH组刺激小鼠产生了最高水平的sIgA。在同为20μg HBBH滴鼻免疫时,添加LTB佐剂刺激小鼠产生了更高水平的sIgA。表明一定剂量的HBBH+LTB佐剂滴鼻免疫可更好地刺激小鼠产生sIgA。HBBH间接ELISAIgG阳性血清的细胞中和抗体效价可高达1:128,且能中和4株ORFV分离株。结果表明,20μgHBBH+201佐剂注射免疫3次和20μg HBBH+LTB佐剂滴鼻免疫3次均能刺激BALB/c小鼠产生高水平的抗ORFV血清中和抗体IgG和黏膜抗体sIgA。本研究为ORFV B2L优势抗原表位截短重组蛋白作为亚单位疫苗提供了数据支持。     

头孢喹肟对大肠杆菌防突变浓度的测定

采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法测定了头孢喹肟对大肠杆茵的最低抑茵浓度;用肉汤法富集了大肠杆菌;用琼脂稀释法测定了头孢喹肟对大肠杆菌的暂定防突变浓度(MPCpr)及防突变浓度(MPC).结果显示,头孢喹肟对大肠杆菌标准株(ATCC25922)的MIC和MIC99分别为0.125 μg/mL和0.1 μg/mL;MPCpr和MPC分别为0.5μg/mL和0.256μg/mL,MPC/MIC99比值为2.56.头孢喹肟对50株大肠杆茵临床分离株的MIC90和MPC9分别为0.2μg/mL和0.8μg/mL,MPC9/0MIC90比值为4.说明头孢喹肟限制大肠杆茵耐药突变的能力很强,ATCC25922的选择指数(SI)仅为2.56,临床分离株的SI为4.     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.     

My Journey to Artistic Peak

正I was born in a doctor’s family in a village in Heze,Shandong Province.Since the ancient times,Heze has been home to many painters and literature masters due to the influence of Confucianism.My grandfather and greatgrandfather were both good at calligraphy,not least to mention their medical skills.Even by now,senior people in our village still praise them for it.Both of them had deceased before I was born.     

Sidelights on Australian and New Zealand's Rotary Club Delegation's Visit to China

正At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member Australian and New Zealand’s Rotary Club delegation visited China from September 23 to September 27.As a staff member of CAFIU,I had the honor to take part in the reception of the delegation throughout this trip.