表达狂犬病病毒CVS-11株糖蛋白的重组伪狂犬病病毒在犬体内的免疫效果

为研制一种新型有效的狂犬病重组活载体疫苗,将EGFP-rgp的表达框克隆入p8-AA载体的Sph Ⅰ/Nde Ⅰ酶切位点处,将酶切鉴定为正向连接的阳性重组子命名为p8AA-EGFP-rgp.在质脂体介导下将该质粒与Bartha-K61共转染PK-15细胞,获得能够表达狂犬病病毒(RV)CVS-11株糖蛋白的重组伪狂犬病病毒rPRV/EGFP-rgp,经RT-PCR和Western-blot鉴定后对犬进行肌肉注射免疫,并测定相应试验指标,研究重组病毒对犬的免疫诱导情况.结果显示,重组病毒可以有效地刺激机体产生体液免疫和细胞免疫;产生的针对RV的中和抗体水平[(0.95±0.21)U/mL]在14周时还保持相对国际最低保护标准(0.5U/mL)较高的水平;且产生的针对RV和PRV的中和抗体水平均达到了相应灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗的水平,抗体效价均维持在14周以上.     

伪狂犬病弱毒疫苗的研究——接种猪的细胞免疫应答

本文报道了12头130日龄伪狂犬病弱毒疫苗(PRV_(FB))接种杂交猪在2个月内细胞免疫应答的动态变化。其结果:PRV_(FB)致敏的猪外周血淋巴细胞(L.C.)对PHA的应答出现两个峰,分别出现在免疫后的7和21天;而L.C对同源抗原(PRV_(FB))的应答缓慢上升,在第21天形成唯一的峰值,直到90天,其应答能力还显著高于免疫前的水平(P<0.05)。其血清中和抗体指数在免疫后4天就达到1.9(Lg),同样在21天形成峰值,而到60天,其中和指数也显著高于免疫前水平(P<0.01)。显而易见,PRV_(FB)既能刺激机体产生中和抗体,又能产生细胞免疫,并且能够维持相当长的时间。证明PRV_(FB)是一种较好的伪狂犬病弱毒疫苗。     

地塞米松与提高猪伪狂犬病病毒分离率的关系

伪狂犬病病毒对不同年龄猪的致病作用不同,多数成年猪感染该病毒后不会表现临床症状。因此,猪群感染伪狂犬病,除用血清学方法检测外,病毒分离是诊断该病的重要依据。本试验用地塞米松处理获得免疫的种猪,进行病毒分离试验,旨在提高获得免疫种猪的病毒分离率,进一步分析健康带毒猪的流行病学特点。 (一)材料与方法 1.试验猪:试验种猪来自美国北卡罗来纳州某猪育种公司的14个种猪场。这些猪场经常发生猪伪狂犬病,并多次免疫接种过猪伪狂犬病灭活疫苗(14个猪场使用的PRV灭活疫苗均为美国Nordon实验室生产出售的商品苗)。从每场随机抽取1.5～4岁的兰特瑞斯与大白的杂种猪4头,共56头,按猪场的顺序分为14个组。     

应用重组猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒核衣壳蛋白为抗原建立I-ELISA检测方法的研究

用重组杆状病毒表达的猪生殖和呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)N蛋白作为抗原,建立了诊断猪生殖和呼吸综合征(PRRS)的I-ELISA,与IDEXX公司试剂盒检测结果的符合率为97.3%,与间接荧光抗体试验(IFA)的符合率为100%.用该方法检测国内猪血清85份,阳性率为18.8%;能检出PRRS疫苗免疫猪6 d的血清抗体;与猪瘟、伪狂犬病、猪巴氏杆菌病、猪霉形体病阳性血清无交叉反应.     

马动脉炎病毒血凝抑制试验研究及其应用

用马动脉炎病毒(EAV)免疫SPF豚鼠,4周后采血做血凝抑制试验(HI),其抗血清可以抑制血凝抗原对小鼠红细胞的凝集反应,抗原和抗血清在4℃感作24 h后可以检测到最高的HI抗体效价,同时结果显示HI抗体与中和抗体产物呈正相关.对561份来自新西兰、吉尔吉斯、沙特阿拉伯及内蒙古、新疆的马血清用HI试验和微量血清中和试验(NT)进行EAV抗体检测,HI和NT阳性符合率为94.7%,血凝抑制抗体与中和抗体效价呈显著的正相关.     

伪狂犬病病毒gB抗原的可溶性原核表达及纯化条件的优化

为实现伪狂犬病病毒gB蛋白的可溶性表达,基于伪狂犬病病毒gB基因的序列分析及密码子优化,基因合成gB基因胞外区(含全部抗原表位)序列,亚克隆至原核表达载体pSMK中,获得表达载体pSMKgB。经大肠杆菌诱导表达,并对诱导温度、可溶性、IPTG加入时机、终浓度及诱导时间进行优化。结果表明,伪狂犬病病毒的gB蛋白在16℃、D600值为1.2、IPTG终浓度为0.8mmol/L的条件下,诱导20h,蛋白表达效果最好。经超声破碎,镍柱纯化可获得可溶性的gB蛋白。蛋白印迹法分析结果表明,纯化的目的蛋白能与抗组氨酸标签的抗体及猪伪狂犬病病毒阳性血清发生特异性反应,证实表达的蛋白具有较好的反应原性。本研究为后期制备猪伪狂犬病血清检测ELISA试剂盒奠定了基础。     

猪流行性腹泻和传染性胃肠炎弱毒二联疫苗免疫抗体应答的研究

用猪流行性腹泻 (PED)和传染性胃肠炎 (TGE)弱毒二联疫苗 (下称二联苗 )免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的妊娠母猪 ,仔猪出生后第 7、14、2 1和 2 8d抽取仔猪血样用微量血清中和试验检测血清抗体。结果 ,免疫母猪所产仔猪通过哺乳获得了相当高的血清抗体 ,在出生后第 7d时接近母体的中和抗体水平 ,并随日龄增大而下降。二联苗免疫母猪所生仔猪和相同株的PED、TGE疫苗株免疫母猪所生仔猪的血清抗体变化基本相似。用二联苗免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的 10日龄仔猪 ,并于免疫后以 7d的间隔 ( 1月龄内 )或半月 ( 1月龄后 )间隔采取血样进行血清抗体检测。结果 ,用二联苗免疫抗体阴性的 10日龄仔猪 ,抗体在免疫后第 2 1d(TGE)或第 2 8d(PED)达到最高值 ,但抗体下降缓慢 ,在免疫后第 5月 ,免疫猪血清中仍能检测出抗体。相同弱毒株的PED和TGE疫苗免疫组的结果与之基本相同。提示 ,PED和TGE弱毒株联合免疫在诱导妊娠母猪和小猪产生抗体以及母猪产后向哺乳仔猪传递抗体方面未见有相互影响的现象。     

PRRS抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

以差速离心法结合蔗糖密度梯度离心法提纯的PRRSVSC2株作为包被抗原,建立了检测猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗体的间接ELISA法。该法的最适抗原包被浓度为5μg/mL,最佳酶标兔抗猪抗体稀释度为1∶5000,对猪抗PRRSV的IgG检测灵敏度达到0.1μg/mL。该法只与PRRS阳性猪血清呈现阳性反应,而与PRRS阴性猪血清和猪伪狂犬病、猪乙型脑炎、猪瘟、猪细小病毒病阳性血清呈现阴性反应。应用该法检测PRRSVORF5基因疫苗免疫猪后的抗体消长规律表明,疫苗免疫猪后第7d抗体水平迅速上升,第75d达到高峰,然后缓慢下降,至第135d时仍然极显著(P<0.01)高于空载体对照和空白对照。试验结果表明,该法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可用于PRRS流行病学调查和PRRSV基因疫苗免疫后抗体水平检测。     

犬瘟热灭活疫苗与弱毒疫苗免疫效果的研究

为对犬瘟热病毒(CDV)灭活疫苗的免疫效果进行研究,本试验使用2%的二乙烯亚胺(BEI)常温下灭活CDV-L弱毒株28 h,经检测,该条件下CDV病毒灭活完全。将灭活病毒分别与氢氧化铝佐剂和脂肪乳佐剂以9∶1混合制成佐剂灭活疫苗。将制备的上述佐剂灭活疫苗和CDV-L弱毒活疫苗分别接种SPF级试验大鼠,分别于接种前第1周、接种后第1周、第2周、第1月、第2月、第6月、第9月这几个时间点采集大鼠血清,通过间接ELISA和血清中和法测定抗体效价。结果显示,制备的佐剂灭活疫苗间接ELISA抗体效价最高达1.026 6和1.056 2,血清中和效价最高达4 197和3 762,免疫时效长约9个月,弱毒活疫苗间接ELISA抗体效价最高为0.176 3,血清中和效价最高为1 877,免疫时效约为6个月。BEI灭活疫苗的抗体效价及免疫时效均高于弱毒活疫苗。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒IgA抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为了建立检测猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)黏膜免疫时特异的IgA抗体的间接ELISA方法,本研究采用PCR方法扩增了PRV gB基因截短片段,并将其连入原核表达质粒pGEX-6P-1,构建的表达质粒转化至大肠杆菌Transetta(DE3)菌株后,采用IPTG进行诱导表达,得到gB重组蛋白的可溶性表达,并用谷胱甘肽亲和层析柱进行蛋白纯化。以纯化的gB重组蛋白作为包被抗原,以山羊抗猪IgA-HRP为二抗,建立了猪伪狂犬病病毒IgA的间接ELISA检测方法。经ELISA反应条件优化,确定抗原包被浓度为2.4μg/mL,封闭液为10 g/L明胶,一抗37℃孵育1.5 h,二抗1∶20 000稀释后37℃孵育0.5 h,TMB显色液显色10 min。该方法的批内和批间变异系数均小于10%,重复性较好。利用该间接ELISA方法对PRV黏膜免疫的仔猪进行检测,结果可以在鼻腔黏液中检测出特异的IgA抗体。本试验为PRV黏膜免疫提供了初步检测方法。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.     

My Journey to Artistic Peak

正I was born in a doctor’s family in a village in Heze,Shandong Province.Since the ancient times,Heze has been home to many painters and literature masters due to the influence of Confucianism.My grandfather and greatgrandfather were both good at calligraphy,not least to mention their medical skills.Even by now,senior people in our village still praise them for it.Both of them had deceased before I was born.     

Sidelights on Australian and New Zealand's Rotary Club Delegation's Visit to China

正At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member Australian and New Zealand’s Rotary Club delegation visited China from September 23 to September 27.As a staff member of CAFIU,I had the honor to take part in the reception of the delegation throughout this trip.