Determination of bromadiolone and brodifacoum in human blood using LC-ESI/MS/MS and its application in four superwarfarin poisoning cases

Superwarfarin poisoning is a growing health problem. A sensitive and reproducible LC-ESI/MS/MS (liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) method was developed and validated for the determination of bromadiolone and brodifacoum, the most commonly used superwarfarins, in human blood using warfarin-D5 as an internal standard. Bromadiolone and brodifacoum were extracted from whole blood samples by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to detect bromadiolone and brodifacoum using precursor→product ion combinations of m/z 525→250 and 521→135, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r(2)=0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.5-100.0ng/mL for bromadiolone and brodifacoum, with a lower limit of detection of 0.1 and 0.2ng/mL, respectively, in whole blood. This method detected trace levels of bromadiolone and brodifacoum in whole blood samples and can be used in the diagnosis of poisoned human beings.     

LC-MS/MS分析人全血中五氟利多

目的建立人体全血中五氟利多浓度的液相色谱-质谱联用法（LC-MS/MS）分析方法。方法全血中五氟利多和利培酮（内标）经正己烷液-液提取后,采用Capcell Pak C18色谱柱（250mm×2.0mm5,μm）进行分离,流动相为乙腈：20mmol/L乙酸胺和0.1%甲酸溶液（75∶25,V/V）,流速为0.2mL/min,然后以MS/MS电喷雾正电离的多反应监测扫描方式（MRM）测定。用于定量分析的离子为m/z 524→109（五氟利多）和m/z 411→191（内标）。结果五氟利多的最低检测限为0.2ng/mL,在0.4～400ng/mL浓度范围内线性良好（r=0.9994）,低、中、高浓度（1ng/mL、10ng/mL、100ng/mL）准确度分别为97%,108%和95%,日内和日间RSD均小于15%。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏,适用于全血中五氟利多浓度的测定。     

Simultaneous Determination of 13 Anticoagulant Rodenticidesin Human Blood by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its Application in Three Poisoning Cases

Anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used for rodent control around the world. A rapid and sensitive method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 13 anticoagulant rodenticides (coumafuryl, pindone, valone, warfarin, coumatetralyl, coumachlor, diphacinone, dicumarol, chlorophacinone, bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen, and brodifacoum) in human blood by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. After liquid–liquid extraction, the anticoagulant rodenticides were separated on an Eclipse Plus C18 column. Linearities were observed for each analyte in blood ranging from 0.5 to 50 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients over 0.99. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 ng/mL, and the limits of quantification were 0.5 ng/mL for all analytes. The intraday and interday precisions were <15%, and accuracies ranged from 80.3% to 111.0%. This validated method with high sensitivity has been applied in three anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning cases and has been used successfully in monitoring blood concentrations for months.     

LC-MS／MS法测定人血浆中盐酸洛哌丁胺

目的建立人血浆中盐酸洛哌丁胺的液相色谱-质谱联用测定法（LC-MS／MS）。方法血浆样品中盐酸洛哌丁胺与盐酸小檗碱（内标）经甲醇液．液提取后,采用ZORBAXSB—C18色谱柱（2．1mm×150mm×5μm）,柱温35℃,流动相为乙腈：0．1％甲酸（60：40,V／V）,流速为0．4mL／min,进样量10μL。电喷雾离子源（ESI）,正离子检测,以多反应监测（MRM）方式进行定量分析,用于监测的离子为m／z477→266（盐酸洛哌丁胺）和m／z366→292（内标）。结果盐酸洛哌丁胺的检测下限为0．2ng／mL（S／N=3）,在浓度0．5～500ng／mL范围内线性良好（r=0．9982）,低、中、高浓度（1ng／mL、20ng／mL、400ng／mL）的平均回收率分别为84．6％,88．5％和90．2％,日内与日问RSD分别小于6％与7％。结论LC—MS／MS法可用于盐酸洛哌丁胺的定性定量分析。     

Analytical approach to determine ticlopidine in post-mortem blood

A new and sensitive method to determine ticlopidine in whole human blood using proadifen as the internal standard (IS) is described. The analyte and IS were extracted by solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges, and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-electron impact ionisation-mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS). Calibration curves were established daily in spiked blood samples using a non-linear calibration model, between 0.01 and 4.5 microg/mL. The correlation coefficients were higher than 0.995. Precision and accuracy fulfilled the internationally accepted criteria (coefficients of variation were less than 9%, and the measured concentrations were within +/-7% of the true value). Limits of detection and quantitation were respectively, 3 and 10 ng/mL. No interfering substances were detected by analysis of 10 blank blood samples of different origin. Mean recovery, calculated at three concentration levels, was 71%. Because of its simplicity and speed, the proposed method can be applied in the determination of this inhibitor of platelet aggregation in whole blood samples, and is suitable for application in toxicology routine analysis.     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时检测全血中16种除草剂

目的建立全血中16种除草剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测方法,为除草剂中毒案事件及其他刑事案件血液中该16种除草剂的检验鉴定提供依据。方法取200μL的血液,加入800μL乙腈-水(体积比80/20),进行蛋白沉淀后,采用Acquity BEH C18(2.1mm×100mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,以水(5mmol/L的甲酸铵,0.1%的甲酸)-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)、多反应监测(MRM)正离子模式对16种化合物进行检测。结果在1~200ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,R2均大于0.996;基质效应(ME%)为85.2%~104.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD%)为0.72%~4.84%;仪器检出限(IDLs)为0.2~2 ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥3),方法检出限(MDLs)为0.5~3ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥3),最低定量限(LOQs)为1~7ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥10)。结论本实验建立的全血中16种除草剂同时检验方法,前处理简便快捷、回收率高、精密度好、方法检出限低,可作为该16种除草剂中(投)毒案件的检验方法。     

HPLC-MS／MS同时检测全血中佐匹克隆、唑吡坦和扎来普隆

目的建立全血中佐匹克隆、唑吡坦和扎来普隆的液相色谱一四级杆飞行时间串联质谱联用同时检测方法。方法采用液液萃取进行提取,提取物以ZorbaxEclipsePlusC18（2．1×50mm,1．8fire）色谱柱分离,以10mmol／L甲酸铵（含0．1％甲酸）一乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0．2mL／min,四级杆一飞行时间串联质谱检测。结果全血中佐匹克隆和扎来普隆的线性范围为10ng／mL-500ng／mL,检出限为3ng／mL唑吡坦的线性范围为3ng／mL-300ng／mL,检出限为lng／mL。结论本方法准确、快速、灵敏,可用于全血中佐匹克隆、唑吡坦和扎来普隆的同时定性、定量检测。     

HPLC-MS/MS法检测血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物

目的建立同时检测血液中新精神活性物质甲卡西酮及其代谢物卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法,验证甲卡西酮在大鼠体内的代谢物。方法血液样品中加入内标物甲卡西酮-D3,经甲醇提取后采用InfinityLab Poroshell 120 Chiral-V型色谱柱分离,以甲醇和乙腈混合流动相恒比洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源多反应监测模式,检测腹腔注射染毒大鼠血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物。结果血中甲卡西酮及其代谢物10~1000ng/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999),检出限均小于2ng/mL,定量限为10ng/mL,方法准确度为87.06%~112.62%,批间及批内精密度均小于15%;腹腔注射染毒大鼠血中检出甲卡西酮、卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱。结论本研究建立了血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物的HPLC-MS/MS定性、定量检测方法,初步验证卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱为甲卡西酮的代谢物。     

Determination and validation of tetrodotoxin in human whole blood using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy and its application

A sensitive analytical method was developed for the quantitative determination of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a powerful sodium channel blocker, in human postmortem whole blood. The sample mixture was cleaned up using cation exchange SPE catridge after protein precipitation by methanol and then separated on a PC-HILIC (phosphorylcholine hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) column (150 mm × 2.0mm i.d., 5 μm) using a isocratic elution of 1% acetic acid and acetonitrile. The identification of TTX was performed on tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization interface in positive ion mode. The retention time of voglibose (internal standard) and TTX was 5.1 and 6.0 min, respectively. TTX and internal standard (voglibose) were monitored and quantitated using the ion transitions: the respective precursor to product ion combinations, m/z 320/302 for TTX and m/z 268/92 for voglibose in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The recovery of TTX and voglibose was 61.4% and 62.8%, respectively and the good accuracy (97.7-103.9%), linearity (2-1200 ng/mL) and reproducibility were shown in this method. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.32 ng/mL and 1.08 ng/mL, respectively. This method was applied in the case of three fishermen who were poisoned (including one death) by unknown fish on their boat in October 2010. In this case, the levels of TTX were 27.2, 30.0 and 29.7 ng/mL in heart blood, peripheral blood and serum of a victim, were 3.1 and 12.1 ng/mL in peripheral blood and 3.9 and 12.8 ng/mL in serum of two survivors, respectively.     

GC/MS法测定血液中的米氮平

目的采用液液提取-GC/MS法检测血液中米氮平。方法用0.1mol/L NaOH溶液调节血液pH值为8～9,以二氯甲烷∶环己烷(4∶6)混合溶剂作为提取溶剂,液液提取法提取血液中米氮平,外标法气相色谱/质谱联用仪定性定量分析。在2mL血中分别添加标准米氮平1、0.5、0.1μg,进行回收率测定。结果血液中添加米氮平的平均回收率为91.5%,方法的工作曲线为Y=1E+06X-16206,相关系数r=0.999 7,线性范围0.5～10μg/mL,最小检出限0.1μg/mL(S/N=46)。结论本文方法操作简便,适合于血液中米氮平的定性、定量分析,可在实际捡案中选择使用。     

GC法检测血液和尿液中甲基苯丙胺和咖啡因

目的建立同时测定血、尿中甲基苯丙胺和咖啡因含量的方法。方法应用GC／NPD技术,以4-苯基丁胺为内标,直接碱化,用氯仿提取,三氟乙酸酐衍生化,8CB熔融石英毛细管柱（30m×0．25mm×0．25μm）分析。结果生物样品中甲基苯丙胺与咖啡因在0．012—7．5μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,检测限（S／N=3）依次为1．2ng／mL,0．6ng／mL（血）;1．6ng／mL,0．8ng／mL（尿）。苯丙胺在0．017—10．0μg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,检测限为1．6mg／mL（血）,3．2ng／mL（尿）。所有样本回收率均大于85％。结论本方法准确、灵敏,适用于血、尿中甲基苯丙胺及其代谢物苯丙胺的三氟乙酸酐衍生化物和咖啡因的同时检测,为判定滥用毒品种类、追查毒品来源以及研究生物体内甲基苯丙胺和咖啡因的交互影响提供了检测手段。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定全血中的氯丙嗪

目的建立全血中氯丙嗪的UPLC-MS/MS分析方法。方法采用乙腈沉淀蛋白,以Waters ACQUITY UPLCBEH C18柱(2.1mm×50mm,1.7μm)分离,乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,正离子方式检测,多反应离子监测模式(MRM)。结果血液中氯丙嗪在1～100ng/mL范围内线形关系良好,检出限为0.01ng/mL,回收率为81.81%～89.36%,日内、日间精密度分别为9.3%、12.1%。结论本方法准确、快速,可用于全血中氯丙嗪的定性定量分析。     

UPLC-MS/MS检测人血中18种有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药

目的建立人血中18种有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药超高压液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)的检测方法。方法血液中加入乙腈沉淀蛋白,采用Waters BEH C18(1.7μm 2.1×50mm)柱子,流动相为5mmol/L乙酸铵水-甲醇,流速:0.3m L/min;进样量:2μL,电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子检测,采用多反应监测方式进行定量分析。结果药物最小检测限(LOD)在0.1~40ng/m L之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.5~50ng/m L之间,各药物浓度在定量限到500ng/m L范围内线性良好,回收率均在64.3%~111.9%之间,相对标准偏差为3.9%~10.3%。结论该方法专属性强、灵敏、准确,可以适用于法庭与临床毒物分析。     

Bromadiolone poisoning: LC-MS method and pharmacokinetic data

Abstract:  Poisoning with superwarfarins, like bromadiolone, is a growing public health problem, and the mortality is high. Pharmacokinetic data on bromadiolone in humans are however scarce, and there are no reports following repeated exposures to bromadiolone. We have developed a method for quantification of bromadiolone in whole blood, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The analytical method is reported. Limit of detection was 0.005 mg/L and limit of quantification was 0.01 mg/L. The concentrations of bromadiolone in whole blood and plasma in serial samples from a 62-year-old woman were measured. The half-life of bromadiolone in blood was estimated to be about 6 days in the initial phase of elimination and about 10–13 days in the terminal phase. The mean plasma/blood ratio of bromadiolone was 1.7 ± 0.6. Stability testing of bromadiolone in whole blood samples after two cycles of freeze and thaw revealed that bromadiolone concentrations decreased.     

HPLC-MS/MS法快速检测人体血液中的夹竹桃毒素

目的采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)检测人体血液中夹竹桃苷、夹竹桃苷乙。方法采用乙腈沉淀蛋白法处理血液,HPLC-MS/MS法检测,采用MRM记录方式,保留时间和定性离子对定性,标准曲线法定量。结果夹竹桃苷、夹竹桃苷乙的检测限均在0.5ng/m L,线性范围在1ng/m L~1mg/m L,回收率为75.2%~95.7%。结论本方法操作简便,灵敏度高,可应用于中毒案件中人体血液中两种夹竹桃毒素(夹竹桃苷和夹竹桃苷乙)的快速检测。     

血中毒鼠强的固相萃取和GC-NPD法测定

目的 研究人全血中毒鼠强的固相革取(SPE)。方法 用Bond Elute C18固相萃取柱萃取,GC-NPD检测,以甲基对硫磷为色谱内标(CS)。结果 全血中加标0.5μg/ml,毒鼠强回收率为92.5％,变异系数2.3％(CV,n=4)。在0.5～10μg/ml的浓度范围内,线性相关系数为0.9994。检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为6ng/ml和20ng/ml。同一根萃取柱连续使用6次未见性能明显下降(CV=3.6%)。结论 本文方法适用于毒鼠强中毒的全血测定。     

GC-MS法测定血中1-甲基海因含量及其法医学应用

目的建立全血中1-甲基海因的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析方法,为1-甲基海因相关法医学鉴定案件提供技术支持。方法取0.5 m L血样,加入500 ng内标盐酸双苯戊二氨酯(SKF_(525A))、0.01 mol/L稀盐酸溶液2 m L,加入碳酸铵0.5 g调节p H值为9,加入乙酸乙酯2 m L,然后离心,取有机溶剂层,吹干后进行GC-MS分析。结果血液中1-甲基海因在0.5~50 ng/m L范围内线性关系良好,线性回归方程为y=0.015 51 x+0.007 26(R~2=0.999 7),最低检出限为0.1 ng/m L,回收率为93.02%~108.12%,日内、日间精密度分别小于6.07%和13.37%。结论本方法测定所得结果准确,重现性好,可用于血样中1-甲基海因含量的测定。     

生物检材中乌头碱的LC-MS/MS快速分析

目的应用高效液相色谱-质谱法对生物检材中乌头生物碱等有毒成分进行快速分析。方法取全血样品经乙腈-甲醇(5:1 v/v)提取,使用Agilent Zorbax SB C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(60:40 v/v)为流动相等度洗脱。在多反应监测模式下测定全血样品中乌头生物碱等有毒成分。结果乌头碱、次乌头碱和中乌头碱的保留时间为0.73 min、0.77 min和0.63 min;用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 646.4→586.4(乌头碱)、616.1→556.5(次乌头碱)和632.4→572.1(中乌头碱)。乌头碱在0.1~250 ng/m L内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9987,最低检出限0.1ng/m L,精密度考查其变异系数(CV)5.42%(n=6),血液中乌头碱提取回收率不小于90%。结论本文建立的高效液相色谱-质谱法快速、简便、灵敏,适用于天然药毒物检验。     

Validated method for the simultaneous determination of Δ-THC and Δ-THC-COOH in oral fluid, urine and whole blood using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization

A fully validated, sensitive and specific method for the extraction and quantification of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ⁹-THC (THC-COOH) and for the detection of 11-hydroxy-Δ⁹-THC (11-OH THC) in oral fluid, urine and whole blood is presented. Solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) technique were used, with electrospray ionization. Three ions were monitored for THC and THC-COOH and two for 11-OH THC. The compounds were quantified by selected ion recording of m/z 315.31, 329.18 and 343.16 for THC, 11-OH THC and THC-COOH, respectively, and m/z 318.27 and 346.26 for the deuterated internal standards, THC-d₃ and THC-COOH-d₃, respectively. The method proved to be precise for THC and THC-COOH both in terms of intra-day and inter-day analysis, with intra-day coefficients of variation (CV) less than 6.3, 6.6 and 6.5% for THC in saliva, urine and blood, respectively, and 6.8 and 7.7% for THC-COOH in urine and blood, respectively. Day-to-day CVs were less than 3.5, 4.9 and 11.3% for THC in saliva, urine and blood, respectively, and 6.2 and 6.4% for THC-COOH in urine and blood, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) were 2 ng/mL for THC in oral fluid and 0.5 ng/mL for THC and THC-COOH and 20 ng/mL for 11-OH THC, in urine and blood. Calibration curves showed a linear relationship for THC and THC-COOH in all samples (r² > 0.999) within the range investigated.The procedure presented here has high specificity, selectivity and sensitivity. It can be regarded as an alternative method to GC–MS for the confirmation of positive immunoassay test results, and can be used as a suitable analytical tool for the quantification of THC and THC-COOH in oral fluid, urine and/or blood samples.     

Highly sensitive analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human whole blood using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple and highly sensitive method for analysis of derivatized methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AM) in whole blood was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry electron impact ionization selected ion monitoring (GC-MS-EI-SIM). A whole blood sample, deuterated-MA (d(5)-MA), as an internal standard (IS), tri-n-propylamine and pentafluorobenzyl bromide were placed in a vial. The vial was heated and stirred at 90 degrees C for 30min. Then the extraction fiber of the SPME was exposed at 90 degrees C for 30min in the headspace of the vial while being stirred. The derivatives adsorbed on the fiber were desorbed by exposing the fiber in the injection port of a GC-MS. The calibration curves showed linearity in the range of 0.5-1000ng/g for both MA and AM. The time for analysis was about 80min per sample. In addition, this proposed method was applied to two autopsy cases where MA ingestion was suspected. In one case, MA and AM concentrations in the mixed left and right heart blood were 165 and 36.9ng/g, respectively. In the other case, MA and AM concentrations were 1.79 and 0.119 microg/g in the left heart blood, and 1.27 and 0.074 microg/g in the right heart blood, respectively.