新城疫病毒F48E9株V基因的表达及其抗血清的制备

采用PCR方法从鸡源新城疫病毒(NDV)强毒F48E9株P基因重组质粒中扩增出了V 基因全长cDNA,并引进相应的突变位点,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体,然后亚克隆到原核表达载体 pET-30c上,重组质粒经酶切、PCR鉴定及测序,筛选出阳性重组质粒,并命名为pET-30c-V。将 pET-30c-V转化大肠埃希氏菌BL21(DE3),用1 mmol／L IPTG 37℃过夜诱导表达,SDS-PAGE 及Western-blotting分析结果表明,所表达的NDV V重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,分子质量约28 ku,与理论值大小相符。将包涵体用8 mol／L脲变性,经Ni-NTA柱纯化,透析复性,得到纯化的V蛋白。用复性后的V蛋白免疫21日龄SPF鸡(300 μg／只),成功制备了抗鸡NDV V蛋白的抗血清。     

与猪圆环病毒2型基因组茎环结构相互作用的宿主细胞蛋白的筛选

利用酵母单杂交技术对猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)基因组复制起始处茎环结构序列与PK-15细胞中的互作蛋白进行了筛选和鉴定。首先将合成的PCV2复制起始处的茎环结构序列整合到酵母染色体中构建诱饵酵母菌株;采用SMART技术合成PK-15细胞cDNA文库,将总cDNA与pGADT7-Rec表达载体共同转化酵母诱饵菌株,通过同源重组在酵母细胞内同步进行cDNA文库的构建,以药物筛选阳性克隆;通过酵母菌落PCR得到阳性克隆中的cDNA插入片段,通过序列分析对此予以确认。本试验成功地构建了酵母单杂交文库,筛选出1.01×106个酵母克隆,其中196个为阳性克隆。经PCR产物测序,并通过NCBI Blast法进行序列比对,确定有4种蛋白可与PCV2基因组茎环序列发生作用。本研究从宿主细胞cDNA文库中筛选到4种可与PCV2基因组茎环序列发生作用的蛋白,为下一步阐明这些宿主蛋白对PCV2复制的调节作用奠定了基础。     

副猪嗜血杆菌部分体内诱导基因的筛选

用Sau3AⅠ酶切副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)SC-1株基因组,回收500～2000bp的片段,并与pRSETa/b/c载体连接,构建了HPSSC-1株基因组表达文库;将攻毒后不同时间的猪血清混合,分别与体外培养的HPSSC-1和大肠杆菌BL21的全菌、超声裂解产物及热变性裂解产物进行吸附,用ELISA检测吸附效果,并用Western-blot进一步验证;再用经过吸附的混合血清对HPSSC-1基因组表达文库进行菌落原位免疫杂交筛选;对筛选出来的阳性克隆进行测序和生物信息学分析。结果显示,构建的副猪嗜血杆菌基因组文库库容量为1.2×104CFU;混合血清经过吸附后,D450nm由0.384下降到0.220。Western-blot结果显示,经吸附的血清与HPSSC-1株超声裂解产物无任何条带;通过原位免疫印迹筛选获得5个阳性克隆;阳性克隆测序结果经DNAMAN分析初步推测出5个可能具有生物学意义的开放阅读框,BLAST分析表明,这些序列与GenBank中的副猪嗜血杆菌相应基因的同源性在99%以上,分别涉及副猪嗜血杆菌的酪氨酸磷酸酯酶、异亮氨酰-tRNA合成酶、荚膜多糖输出蛋白及2个假定蛋白。结果表明,应用体内诱导抗原技术从副猪嗜血杆菌SC-1株基因组表达文库中成功筛选出5个阳性克隆,其中部分基因可能与毒力相关。     

改良菌落原位杂交技术快速筛选NDVF基因阳性克隆株

应用从表达型质粒载体构建的ＮＤＶＦ基因文库中筛选阳性克隆株的改良融合蛋白质抗体蛋白质原位杂交技术，可使菌落在硝酸纤维素薄膜上增殖，经适当处理后，即可用特异性抗体探针进行原位筛选，获得含目的基因编码的特异抗原蛋白的阳性克隆株。     

猪囊尾蚴cDNA质粒表达文库的构建

从猪囊尾蚴中提取总RNA ,并分离出mRNA ,采用定向克隆方法 ,将猪囊尾蚴cDNA片段重组入质粒表达载体 pSPORT 1的NotⅠ和SalⅠ双酶切位点之间 ,构建了猪囊尾蚴cDNA表达文库。通过库容量鉴定 ,所构建的表达文库的容量为 2× 10 6 ;经含有IPTG和X gal的颜色选择平皿测定 ,其重组率为 10 0 %。     

刚地弓形虫强弱毒株速殖子抑制消减cDNA文库的构建和初步分析

为筛选刚地弓形虫的毒力相关基因,以弓形虫为研究对象,构建了弓形虫强弱毒株抑制消减Cdna文库.分别收集弓形虫Ⅰ型RH株和Ⅱ型QHO株速殖子,提取总RNA,纯化后获得mRNA,并反转录为cDNA,用抑制消减杂交技术(SSH)构建弓形虫强弱毒株正向消减(弱毒株消减强毒株)及反向消减(强毒株消减弱毒株)cDNA文库.从两文库中各筛选10个阳性克隆测序及进行在线BIAST分析.结果显示,构建的弓形虫强弱毒株的消减cDNA文库具有较强的特异性;在获得的18个有效表达序列标签中,有12个与已报道的基因有较高相似性,另外6个可能代表新基因.表明,弓形虫强弱毒株差异表达消减cDNA文库的成功构建,为进一步研究弓形虫毒力相关基因的功能奠定了基础.     

日本血吸虫Sj314C10基因的获得及其DNA疫苗的构建

利用快速cDNA末端扩增(RACE)技术结合“电子cDNA文库”筛选法,对日本血吸虫成虫期特异表达基因EST片段的全长序列进行了扩增,获得了一含完整开放性阅读框(ORF)的基因序列(GenBank中的登录号为AY847290)。经对该基因序列进行分析,表明其为日本血吸虫的一新基因,命名为Sj314C10。将该基因的蛋白编码区克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3 中,把构建好的重组质粒转化到大肠埃希氏菌DH5α中培养;筛选阳性克隆进行序列鉴定,经分析表明与预期的结果一致。成功地构建了该基因的DNA疫苗,为该基因作为疫苗候选分子的研究奠定了基础。     

禽呼肠孤病毒σNS非结构蛋白基因的克隆和表达

采用RT-PCR技术扩增了禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)S1133株与广西分离株R2σNS非结构蛋白基因,将σNS基因克隆到质粒表达载体pGEX-4T-1上,获得的重组质粒经PCR、酶切鉴定以及测序分析,σNS基因的插入位置、大小和阅读框均正确,将阳性克隆命名为pGEX-S1133-σNS和pGEX-R2-σNS。构建好的重组质粒经37℃1 mmol/L IPTG诱导、SDS-PAGE分析超声裂解后的上清和沉淀,显示目的蛋白以包涵体方式表达,其蛋白质分子质量约为66.2 ku,约占菌体总量的31.5%~34.8%。Western-blotting分析表明,目的蛋白能够与ARV阳性血清发生特异性反应,表明该重组蛋白具有较好的抗原性。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒抗原捕获ELISA抗体检测方法的建立与应用

用猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)N蛋白单克隆抗体IgG包被酶标板,以纯化的PEDV作为捕获抗原,建立了PEDV抗原捕获ELISA抗体检测方法。优化后该方法的反应条件为:单克隆抗体包被浓度为2μg/mL,37℃包被2h加4℃过夜;含50g/L脱脂奶粉的磷酸盐缓冲液作为封闭液,37℃封闭3h;捕获抗原的质量浓度为5μg/mL,37℃作用3h;被检猪血清做1∶50稀释,37℃作用1h;山羊抗猪IgG-HRP稀释度为1∶2 000,37℃作用45min;底物最佳作用时间为37℃10min。设定阴阳性血清抗体对照,计算血清样品的S/P值,S/P值≥0.37判为阳性,S/P值0.323判为阴性,介于两者之间为可疑。用建立的ELISA检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、伪狂犬病病毒、猪瘟病毒和口蹄疫病毒等阳性血清,结果均无交叉反应性。该方法的批间和批内变异系数均小于10%。相对国产商品化抗体检测试剂盒,其敏感性、特异性和符合率分别为94.6%、91.3%和93.3%。应用本方法检测山东、浙江和江苏省的308份猪血清样品,结果 PEDV抗体阳性率达89.29%。结果表明,建立的抗原捕获ELISA敏感性、特异性和重复性良好,可用于PEDV抗体检测和流行病学调查。     

基于VP0蛋白的用以检测1型鸭甲肝病毒抗体的间接ELISA的建立和应用

为检测1型鸭甲肝病毒(DHAV1)抗体,在大肠杆菌中表达获得了DHAV1的重组VP0蛋白,以纯化复性的重组VP0蛋白为抗原建立检测DHAV1抗体的间接ELISA(VP0-ELISA)。其最佳反应条件为:以1.67μg/mL重组VP0蛋白37℃孵育1h后4℃包被过夜;50g/L明胶封闭0.5h;被检血清1∶160稀释,37℃孵育1h;HRP标记的山羊抗鸭IgG进行1∶400稀释,37℃孵育1h;TMB避光显色10min,测定D450nm/D630nm值,阳性阈值为0.375。该方法具有较强的灵敏性、特异性和重复性。用建立的间接VP0-ELISA对60份鸭血清样本进行检测,与以DHAV1作为包被抗原的ELISA相比,阳性检出率为92.3%,阳性符合率为90.0%。上述结果表明,基于VP0蛋白的间接ELISA可用于临床DHAV1抗体的检测和流行病学调查。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.